:01.11.96                                          () 1996. ਮ
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1.     ..........................................................
2.    맮  몠 ᨪ .................................
3.     ࠡ  몠 ᨪ..........................
4.     ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ................................
4.1     몠 ᨪ.....................................
4.2    । 痢  몠 ᨪ...............................
5.    ४⨢ 몠 ᨪ.............................................
5.1.  ४⨢ NEW   ...................................................
5.2   ४⨢ RESET....................................................
5.3   ४⨢ AUT.....................................................
5.4   ४⨢ CLEAR....................................................
5.5   ४⨢ CONT.....................................................
5.6   ४⨢ SYSTEM...................................................
5.7   ४⨢ EDIT.....................................................
5.8   ४⨢ LIST  LLIST.............................................
5.9   ४⨢ DELETE...................................................
5.10  ४⨢ RENUM....................................................
5.11  ४⨢ SAVE.....................................................
5.12  ४⨢ LOAD.....................................................
5.13  ४⨢ RUN......................................................
5.14  ४⨢ MERGE....................................................
5.15  ४⨢ FILES....................................................
5.16  ४⨢ KILL.....................................................
5.17  ४⨢ NAME.....................................................
5.18  ४⨢ TRON  TROFF.............................................
6.    ⠭  몥 ᨪ...........................................
7.    ६  몥 ᨪ..........................................
7.1   祭 ६   樨 ⨯....................
7.2    ᠭ DEFINT, DEFSNG, DEFDBL  DEFSTR
       ⭮ 樨 ⨯....................................
7.3    ᠭ DEFFN  㭪権................................
7.4   ८ࠧ ⨯ ........................................
7.5   㭪樨 CINT, CDBL  CSNG  㦤 ८ࠧ
      ⨯ .......................................................
8.     権  몥 ᨪ....................................
9.    ᨢ (ARRAY)  몥 ᨪ.....................................
9.1    ᠭ DIM  ᨢ.................................
9.2    OPTION BASE  ந쭮  
      ࠭   ᠭ ᨢ...............................
9.3    ERASE  ࠭ ⥩ ,  ᨢ.....
10.    横  몥 ᨪ.....................................
10.1   FOR, TO, STEP  NEXT  ࠧ 横
       䨪஢ ᫮ 宦.................................
10.2   WHILE  WEND  ࠧ 横  ६
      ᫮ 宦 (樮 横) ...........................
11.   ᫮  ᫮ ணࠬ ࠧ⢫  몥 ᨪ.....
11.1   GOTO  ॠ樨 ணࠬ 室
      (᫮ ணࠬ 室).................................
11.2   IF, THEN  ELSE  ॠ樨 ᫮ 室........
11.3   ON  㫨஢ 室    ᯨ᪠.........
12.     ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ.............................
12.1   GOSUB  RETURN  ᯥ祭 ࠡ  ணࠬ...
12.2   CALL  맮 ணࠬ  設 
       ࣠樥 । ࠬ஢.................................
12.3  㭪 VARPTR  ⮢ ᮢ .......................
12.4   ᠭ DEF USR  ᫮ 室
       짮⥫ 設 ணࠬ..............................

12.5   CHAIN  ஥ ૥ 
       ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ.......................................
12.6   ᠭ COMMON...........................................
12.7   %INCLUDE  ⠢ 室 ⥪  ६ 樨
      ( ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ᨪ-).................
13.       뢮  ᯫ  饥 ன⢮,
        /뢮      몥 ᨪ...........
13.1   INPUT  㧪 ६
       ६ 믮 ணࠬ......................................     
13.2  	LINE  INPUT    ᫥⥫쭮⥩  
       ६ 믮 ணࠬ......................................
13.3   PRINT  ଠ஢ 뢮 ଠ樨 ᯫ....
13.4   PRINT USING  ଠ஢ 뢮
      ଠ樨  ᯫ..............................................
13.5   LPRINT  LPRINT USING   ଠ஢  
      ଠ஢ 뢮  饥 ன⢮...................
13.6   WRITE  뢮  ᯫ...............................
13.7   WIDTH   	뢮 ப ................
13.8   OUT  䨧᪮ 뢮 ன 稭
        뢮.....................................................
13.9   POKE    
         .........................................
13.10  WATE  ᨭ஭樨  譨  ன⢠...........
13.11  SWAP  ⠭ 稭   ६ 
       ⨯...................................................
14.   㭪樨  ᯥ祭 /뢮  몥 ᨪ................
14.1  㭪 INKEY$.....................................................
14.2  㭪 INPUT$.....................................................
14.3  㭪 INP  䨧᪮  ன 稭
        ....................................................
14.4  㭪 PEEK  ⥭    .....................
14.5  㭪 SPC........................................................
14.6  㭪 TAB........................................................
14.7  㭪 LPOS.......................................................
14.8  㭪 POS........................................................
15.     䠩  몥 ᨪ....................................
15.1   DATA   ணࠬ ⠭ 	
       ਯணࠬ 䠩.........................................
15.2   READ  ⥭   ਯணࠬ 䠩..............
15.3   RESTORE  ⠭  ਯணࠬ 䠩....
15.4   OPEN  뢠 䠩................................
15.5   INPUT#    ᫥⥫ 䠩...............
15.6   LINE INPUT#    ᫥⥫쭮⥩  
      ᫥⥫쭮 䠩............................................
15.7   PRINT#	  PRINT# USING    ଠ஢   
      ଠ஢ 뢮  ᫥⥫ 䠩  ..................
15.8   WRITE  뢮  ᫥⥫ 䠩..................
15.9   GET  ।  䠩 אַ 㯠
        .................................................
15.10  PUT  ।   ୮   䠩 אַ 
      㯠............................................................
15.11  FIELD  뤥 ⥩  ६  
      䠩   㯮............................................
15.12  LSET  RSET   ப, ஢  ࠢ
         (  ⥪⮢ 䠩   㯮)........
15.13  CLOSE   䠩,    OPEN........
16.   㭪樨  ᯥ祭 ࠡ  䠩  몥 ᨪ............
16.1  㭪 EOF........................................................
16.2  㭪 LOF........................................................
16.3  㭪 LOC........................................................
16.4  㭪樨 MKI$, MKS$,  MKD$.........................................
16.5  㭪樨 CVI, CVS  CVD.............................................
17.     ᫥⥫쭮ﬨ   몥 ᨪ................
17.1  㭪 CHR$.......................................................
17.2  㭪 ASC........................................................
17.3  㭪 STR$.......................................................
17.4  㭪 VAL........................................................
17.5  㭪 HEX$.......................................................
17.6  㭪 OCT$.......................................................
17.7  㭪 RIGHT$.....................................................
17.8  㭪 LEFT$......................................................
17.9  㭪 SPACE$.....................................................
17.10 㭪 STRING$....................................................
17.11 㭪 INSTR......................................................
17.12 㭪 MID$  ࠧ ࠣ  ᫥⥫쭮 ..
17.13  MID$   ࠣ  ᫥⥫쭮 .....
17.14 㭪 LEN........................................................
18.   ᫮ ⠭ 㭪樨  몥 ᨪ........................
18.1  㭪 ABS........................................................
18.2  㭪 FIX........................................................
18.3  㭪 INT........................................................
18.4  㭪 SGN........................................................
18.5  㭪 SQP........................................................
18.6  㭪 EXP........................................................
18.7  㭪 LOG........................................................
18.8  㭪 SIN........................................................
18.9  㭪 COS........................................................
18.10 㭪 TAN........................................................
18.11 㭪 ATN........................................................
18.12 㭪 RND........................................................
18.13  RANDOMIZE   窨 
       砩 ᥫ.........................................
19.    ࠢ騥   㭪樨  몥 ᨪ.............
19.1   LET  䨪樨 ஢ ᢠ.............
19.2   REM  䨪樨 ⥪⮢ ਬ砭..................
19.3   END  襭 ᨪ-ணࠬ.......................
19.4   STOP  ࠡ⪨ ணࠬ 뢠................
19.5  㭪 FRE........................................................
20.     訡  ࠡ⪠ 訡  몥 ᨪ................
20.1  	ERROR  । 짮⥫᪮  訡 
       ᨬ樨 訡  ࠬ ணࠬ ⥪..................
20.2   ON ERROR GOTO  ᯥ譮 室  ⠭
      ணࠬ ॠ樨  訡........................................
20.3   RESUME  襭 ⠭⭮ ணࠬ
      ࠡ⪨ 訡...................................................
20.4  ६ ERR  ERL...............................................


ਫ A:  맮 ணࠬ  設  A ᨪ..
ਫ B: ᮮ饭  訡   ᨪ-...............
ਫ C: ᮮ饭  訡 ᨪ-....................
ਫ D: ⠡    ASCII................................
ਫ E: ࠧ    騬  樨    騬
	      樨 ⠬ 몠 ᨪ.........................
ਫ F: ஫ ,    ᯮ짮
	       AKE ᨪ-ணࠬ..............................
ਫ G: १ࢨ஢ 䨪  몥 ᨪ............
I. 

       몠 ᨪ  ॢன  ᪮  BEGINNERS
ALL PURPOSE SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION CODE,	 㦥 ᠬ  ᥡ  	⮬, 
     ணࠬ஢  ᯥ樠쭮 ᮧ  窮   
  ணࠬ஢.    ࠧࠡ⠭   1964     
   祭 㤥⮢ ᭮ ணࠬ஢.	ᨪ	ࠢ   
⮩   祩	   १  10    ᫥  ᮧ,     稢   ᮡ 
㭠த	祭.   ࠧ⨥ ஭    ਬ  
  ᫨⥫쭮 孨   ࠡ⪥ ଠ樨 ਢ    ⮬, 
   ᨪ 稫 ப 㭠த ਧ   饥 ६ 
⭮   ࠭ 몠 ணࠬ஢  ᥬ  . 
 ⠪ ࠧ   ᭮  稭:
1.  孮 ஭ ਢ  ⥫쭮 ᭨ 室  
ந⢮  .    ⠪ 뢠 ᮭ ,  騥  
  (  饬 室  ⠢ ),  ᯫ,  譥 
(⥫     ᪥ /  )   ன⢠     
	ࠪ᪨   쬥 ⮫.  ன⢠ ⮣ ⨯  
 ⠪  ந⥫쭮,   ࠤ樮 ।  .  ப
࠭  孨᪨ ᯮ⥫ ।   ࠡ⪨ 
ଠ樨    ,	 ०  ᥣ	  ᠬ  ப  㣠 
짮⥫,   ⠪  .  ६   室
।  ⮬  짮⥫ ⮩   稭,    
ᨪ, ਣ    ணࠬ஢.
2.  ᨪ    몮 ணࠬ஢,  ਣ   窨 
७   設 ࠡ⪨.   砥,    ⤥ 
  ,  ࠣ  ணࠬ  ணࠬ  ࠧ ਣ   
믮.   ᠬ  ࠧࠡ⪠ ணࠬ  ०   .
         ᪮쪮  ஢      ࠧ  ஢,
ࠢ쭮   ᠭ     १.
3.  ᨪ   ⮫쪮 몮 ணࠬ஢,  ᮤন ⠪  
室  㭪樨  -ਥ஢  樮  ⥬.  
⮣  ᨪ  ࠧ砥  ணࠬ      ४⨢  ணࠬ
(ப).    ६   㦠  㫨஢ ணࠬ , 
..    ࠧ ᫥⥫쭮 権,  室  襭
, ४⨢ ணࠬ ᯥ稢   ணࠬ஢.  
         㬥஢   ப   ணࠬ	 (४⨢   AUTO), 
஢  (४⨢ EDIT),  ९뢠 ணࠬ   
譥   (४⨢ SAVE),   㦠  譥    (४⨢
LOAD),	  ,  ᪠ ணࠬ (४⨢ RUN).   ࠧ  ⨯ 
᫨⥫쭮 孨,   ⢥ ⫨   㣠,	뫨 
ࠧࠡ⠭  ᮮ⢥騥 ᨨ 몠,   室騥     
  ᯮ짮	(ਬ,  ᪨  ,    ON-LINE, 
᪮ ᯮ짮,  筮-孨᪨ ,  ஡ ࠡ⪨  
 ᨢ  ..).
        몠  ᨪ,   ।    樮  ⥬  SCPX,
ᯥ稢  ᪮ ᯮ짮,  ⠪  襭 ஡ࠡ⪨ 
  ᨢ  (  	७  ࠡ  	 䠩),   筮-
孨᪨    (   讣   ⥬᪨  㭪権), 
ࠡ    ⥪    (      䥪⨢    ࠡ        묨 
᫥⥫쭮ﬨ),	  ⠪ 襭   (  ᮧ 
뢠	ணࠬ  䠧).     ⮩	ᨨ	몠  	  
, ⠪  .
      ⢫ ࠭ ணࠬ. ᠭ  ᨪ ⠪
뢠  "室 ணࠬ"  ࠧ ॢ  設  ணࠬ, 
⠪  뢠  "' ணࠬ".   ணࠬ        ⥬
믮    ᫮ ࠧ.   ॢ ⤥ 
"室  ணࠬ"      믮	ணࠬ  ,    ࠧ 
믮  .
        ᢮ २⢠   ⪨:  ஢ 
ணࠬ  ࠡ⠥  ,   ..     믮    
⥫쭮 室 ६   ॢ. ,  ⮬   
   ணࠬ:    ࠡ뢠 ᮮ⢥騬 
ࠧ  ᫥饬 ண ணࠬ.  ஢ ணࠬ ࠡ⠥ 
॥,  ..  ।⥫쭮  뫠 ஢  ࠭.    
室  ࠭᫨஢  ணࠬ.
         騬 २⢮ ᮡ  ࠧࠡ⪥
ணࠬ,     ந室 ,   窠, .. 
    ᪮ ࠡ⪨  ⮫ .  ᫨ ணࠬ     
訡,    ⥫쭮 ६ ᯮ  ᥭ ,     
।⥫	 .     ⮬	砥	  ᬨ    ࠧ 
室 室 ६  ࠭ ࠤ २⢠  ᮪ 
᪮ ࠡ⪨  ᫥ ண ணࠬ.
       㬥樨 ᯮ ᫥騥 ⠭ 祭:
<䨪>    ᯮ짮 ⠯६.  ⮬   
		   ⠢ ᫥⥫쭮 , ஢
		       䨪.	  ᪮   
		   ᨬ,      ᯮ  	ணࠬ,
		   ᠭ  ᨪ.
[ப  ᨬ-      ப  ᨬ,   祭       ᪮,
 ]            ⠥ 易⥫쭮   ⢮. -
		    ᪮  ᨬ   ᯮ  - 
		   ࠬ, ᠭ  ᨪ.
ਬ  /F:      ⤥  㪢,  ᯥ樠       ..  ᫥
		   ᯮ짮 ⠪,   .
...		   , 騩 । ६ 窠   -
		   ⭮ ७.
     ᫨  	ᠭ  ४⨢    	ᮡ	㪠   
ᯮ짮    ⮫쪮    ⮫쪮      몠 
ᨪ,      ᨭ⠪᪠    ᯮ짮   
.

2. 맮  몠 ᨪ

     ᫥  㧪    ᪠  樮  ⥬  CPM,    뢮
ᮮ饭    ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ >.  ᫥ ⮣    
   ४⨢.      몠   ᨪ   뢠   ᫥騬
४⨢:
ଠ: BASI [< 䠩>]  [/F:<ᨬ쭮  ᫮  䠩,  
	  ६ >] [/M:< , ᫥饣 -
	।⢥  ࠧ , ⢥     -
	祩 >]  [/S:<ᨬ쭠    䠩>]
         䠩 㪠뢠 䠩,   ᮤন ணࠬ
  몥  ᨪ    ASCII,    樨.    ணࠬ
⮬᪨  㦠   ࠡ뢠.  । 	䠩   
	᪠  ,  ⤥ 稥.     䠩   
樮 ⥬ SCPX  । ࠢ.   몠 
ᨪ ਭ ⮫쪮 䠩  ⪮ ".BAS".
     ࠬ  /F    ᨬ쭮 祭 15.  ᫨	ࠬ   
,  㬮砭 ⠭ 祭, ࠢ 3.
     ࠬ	/M    ᯮ짮  	१ࢨ஢	। 
 ,  ।祭  㧪  ࠡ⪨  㫥 
ᨪ.  ᫨ ࠬ   ,  ।⠢  ⮣
 ᢮ .   ,	 ᫥ ,  㪠   
/M:, ᨪ  ᯮ.
     ᫨   ࠬ /S,    , ।祭 
  뢠	䠩,  १ࢨ	  ⠭⭮    128 
⮢,      ⥭   ࠬ /S.
ਬ:
>BASI                       맮  몠 ᨪ  ⠭⭮
			     ०.
B>BASI FILE1.BAS             맮 ᨪ-  ⠭⭮ ०-
			          ࠡ⪠	ணࠬ   FILE1,    
			     室  ⮬  ⥫.
B>BASI  /F:5/S:200           맮 ᨪ-   ६
			     ࠡ  ᨬ 5 묨 䠩,  祬 
			       ࠢ 200 ⠬.
A>BASI C:FILE2.BAS/M:&H8000  맮 ᨪ-  ⠭⭮ ०-
			     : 㧪  ࠡ⪠ ணࠬ FILE2, -
			     饩  ⥫ .  ।-
			     ⠢    &H8000.


 3.  ࠡ  몠       
      

        몠  ᨪ   ᯮ짮      ࠧ
०:
	- ० ⮫쭮    ०  ४⨢
	- ணࠬ ०
        몠  ᨪ  ᮮ頥   ᢮  ⮢    ਥ
஢  	짮⥫     ࠦ  	  ᯫ.   
४⨢ ⠢    ﭨ ⮢ ᫥ 
믮  .		४⨢    筮     
,  	ᮮ⢥ᢨ   ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠢ,  ᠭ묨  ; 
ப 稢 ⨥  "".
  ਬ:    짮⥫:    =SQR(3^2+4^2)+5*2 < "">
	     :   
	     짮⥫:    PRINT A < "">
	     :   15
			      
 ०  ४⨢ ப  㬥.
  ணࠬ ० ⤥ ப ணࠬ   ஬  ப. 
ࠡ⪠ ⤥ ப ணࠬ ⢫   ४⨢ RUN.
  ਬ:    짮⥫:    10 =SQR(3^2+4^2)+5*2 < "">
			      20 PRINT A < "">
			      RUN
	     :   15
			      
ப ணࠬ  ᨪ  ᫥ :
  ଠ:    ( ப) <>
	     (:<>)...('਩)
ப  蠥  ⨥   "".  <  ப>    ᥣ
㪠뢠  ணࠬ  ᥣ ⢮  ०  ४⨢.   
 ਭ 祭  0  65529.  ப  ᮤঠ ᨬ 255 
   ᪮쪮 ப  ࠭ ᯫ.
  4.    ணࠬ  몥       

  4.1.   몠       

      몠 ᨪ 뢠 ᫥饩 ४⨢:
  ଠ:
BASC (<' 䠩>) (,(<䠩 ᯨ᪠>)) = <室 䠩> (<ਠ>)
<' 䠩> -  䠩,   뢠 ६頥 . 
		  ⮬᪨ 砥 㪢  "REL".
< ᯨ᪠>	 -  䠩,  ஬ ᠭ ⥪ 室 ணࠬ
		   ଠ SCII, ,  ᮮ⢥⢨  ࠭묨 ਠ⠬,
		  ࠡ⠭ 設   ᪮ ,  ⠪
		  ᮮ饭  訡.  䠩    뢥 
		  ᯫ  饥 ன⢮.  ᫨ ଠ  
		  뢮  ⮫쪮    ᯫ  	⮫쪮	 饥
		  ன⢮ ,   <䠩 ᯨ᪠>    ᯮ짮
		  䨪:
		  LST: - 뢮  饥 ன⢮;
		  Y: - 뢮  ᯫ.
<室 䠩>  -  䠩,   뢠 室 ணࠬ 
		  ଠ ASCII.  ᫨ 室 ⥪   אַ 
		  ,    室  䠩  	ᯮ짮
		  䨪-Y:
     ᮡ   맮:
		  BASC, TTY:=TTY:
      ⮬ ० ࠡ   ஢ ᨭ⠪  ⤥
஢   ६,     .        
     <ਠ>    ࠢ ᫮ﬨ 몠,  ࠡ⪮ 訡 
ନ஢	 ᯥ樠쭮	 設    .    ⤥    ਠ 
      ᮩ   "/".  ᪮쪮  ਠ⮢  ⠪ 
⤥   㣠   ᮩ .
       ᯮ짮 騥 ਠ:
/    ப   祭,  ᪫祭  室
/E    ᨪ-ணࠬ ᮤঠ  ON ERROR GOTO  RESUME  <
     ப>.  ନ ⥫ , ⮡ ࠢ쭮 -
     ࠡ  .
/X    ᨪ-ணࠬ ᮤঠ   ᪮쪮  ஢  RESUME,
     RESUME NEXT  RESUME O.  ਠ 砥 ਠ /E.
/N   ஢ 뢮 ନ஢ 設   ᪮ ।-
     ⠢  䠩 ᯨ᪠.
/D   ନ஢ ⥫쭮   ࠡ⪨ 訡.   ⮣
       ᯮ짮  TRON  TROFF,    㣨  
     .  ⮬  ᫥騥 訡:
		  - 䬥᪮ ९
		  - ॢ襭 ࠭ ᮢ 
		  - 訡  RETURN
/S   ப  ⠭,     4-  ,  뢠  
     樨  䠩 REL,      ࠡ祩   (
       ⮫쪮  믮  ணࠬ).
樨  䠩 REL,      ࠡ祩   (
       ⮫쪮  