22
  
   
   
   1.         
   
   
   1.1.     
   
   1.1.1.     ()
             -
         
  ,        .    
    ,    ,
     .
       ()   1990  
660  ..       (),  
,      50% - ,   300
..     -         ,
       .    
  -  ,     -        
: -        .
    -          
 -,
            :    
    125  .. (1992)    ""  
    .       
-,                   
  ,    IBM ()    
 /370  1970      .
  -          
      ,  ,  ,    
.   -        
MITI,    -      ,
    ,     
     .  : Fujitsu
  Hitachi     (Mainframes)    
   IBM. : NEC  Toshiba  
  . : Mitsubishi  Oki  
        - .    
        
  7%    1970  84%  1974 ,    
.          ,    
      "  ".    80-
           -  ,
          ,      
            
    .
     ,          
    ,     ;    
  .1.1 [31].
                                

  1.1
                                        
 
                               (    70- -
80- )
                                  
        1975       1985                  1990
   
                                          
                                             
                                               () ,$
                                               .
   
     1     IBM         IBM         IBM            64.6
     2  Burroughs      DEC      Fujitsu(         16.0
                                   ICL)
     3  Honeywell    Sperry        DEC            13.1
     4    Sperry    Burroughs      NEC            11.8
     5     CDC       Fujitsu     Hitachi          10.8
     6     NCR         NCR        Unisys          10.1
     7     Bull        NEC          HP             8.3
     8     DEC         CDC       Siemens-          7.0
                                 Nixdorf
     9     ICL         HP        Olivetti          6.5
    10   Nixdorf     Siemens       Bull            6.4
    11     NEC       Hitachi      Apple            5.7
    12   Memorex    Olivetti       NCR             5.4
    13      HP        Wang       Toshiba           4.1
    14     TRW        Xerox       Compaq           3.6
    15   Olivetti   Honeywell    Philips           3.3
                                 Top 100          275.0
   
         1975                 
,    1985    4,   1990 -  2,  
        .
       (.
.  1.1);   80-     
-  Siemens-Nixdorf (), Olivetti ()  Bull  ()  -
      .
   ,    ,          ;
   -   IBM ("Big Blue"
- " " - .)       
7.5  ..,     1970 ,    64.6  .
    ,      -
..      ,     
     ,  
     -         .
    ,    90-     
   Apple  Compaq (),   
-     . ,     
     ,   
   .
                 
     [31].  ,       
"",     ,    ..,  
   ,      ..;        ,
    -  .      
,    ,             
   ,             
        ,              
,                :
,      70-80%      
  IBM    (Mainfraime)   
       :    ,
   .
   
     1.1.2.     
            -
  ().  70-     
      ,      "  
", ..      ,   
  .      
-  ,   
-    .    
       [31].
   ,      ,      
    ,       -
, ..   ,  ,  
  .          ,  .   
.,  -        "Apple"
(Apple  -  -  "",    .  -  )
[3,25].
        ,     .  ,
       (  Per-
sonal  Computer - .)    People  Computer  -
- `.$-k) . ,   , , 
,   ,      
   ,  .     
     ,   -    
 ! -      .  
         .  
         ,      
,        !   "
"!       90-     .
1.2.
   
   
    1.2
                                      

                              (      ,      %;
  
                                              1991
 )
   
NN    198  198  198 198  198  198  198  198  198  199  199
           1    2    3   4    5    6    7    8    9    0    1
 1   IBM  1.3  2.7  4.6 8.6  11.  12.  13.  13.  13.  13.  12.
           5    3    0   4    09   07   12   68   68   36  81
 2  Appl  8.8  6.6  6.0 7.8  8.2  8.2  8.2  8.2  7.9  7.6  7.9
      e    5    5    9   0    7    2    3    1    8    3    0
 3   NEC  4.2  3.5  3.7 4.5  5.2  5.5  5.6  5.5  5.3  4.9  4.7
           8    5    7   3    3    3    3    1    5    7    9
 4  Comp            0.2 0.7  1.0  1.3  1.6  2.0  2.3  2.5  2.7
     aq              7   0    8    7    6    4    8    7    4
 5  Oliv  1.7  1.0  0.7 0.6  0.9  1.2  1.5  1.6  1.7  1.7  1.6
    etti   8    3    8   8    9    5    0    9    9    2    6
 6  Tosh  0.2  0.8  0.8 0.7  0.6  0.7  0.8  0.9  1.1  1.5  1.9
     iba   9    6    4   4    8    7    3    8    8    9    8
 7  Epso       0.0  0.1 0.3  0.5  0.7  0.9  1.3  1.8  2.1  2.4
      n         1    8   8    0    0    5    6    5    8    0
 8  Tand                          0.1  0.3  0.4  0.6  0.8  0.8
      y                            2    3    8    4    0    9
 9  AT&T  0.2  0.1  0.0 0.2  0.7  1.0  1.2  1.3  1.3  1.2  1.2
           6    0    9   5    9    8    4    4    3    4    0
10  Zeni  0.9  0.5  0.5 0.8  1.1  1.6  2.0  2.1  2.1  2.0  1.9
     th    8    3    6   0    4    0    2    8    8    5    6
11  Phil  0.2  0.1  0.2 0.2  0.3  0.5  0.6  0.7  0.9  1.0  1.0
     ips   0    9    2   5    8    3    2    6    1    3    8
12  Siem                0.0  0.0  0.1  0.2  0.4  0.5  0.6  0.6
     ens                 2    6    4    7    1    3    1    8
13   HP   1.2  1.0  0.9 1.0  1.1  1.2  1.0  1.0  0.9  0.8  0.8
           9    0    6   8    9    0    7    4    2    4    4
14  Acer  0.2  0.2  0.1 0.1  0.2  0.4  0.7  1.1  1.3  1.5  1.6
           1    0    3   6    5    4    6    2    7    5    8
    Prd&                               0.0  0.0  0.3  0.5  0.8
15* Bell                                2    7    4    8    0
)
16  Unis  0.1  0.3  0.3 0.4  0.5  0.6  0.7  0.7  0.7  0.7  0.6
     ys    8    3    6   6    1    0    1    5    6    0    5
17  Dell                0.0  0.0  0.1  0.2  0.3  0.3  0.4  0.5
                         1    5    1    3    0    8    7    9
      80.  82.  81. 73.  68.  64.  61.  58.  56.  56.  55.
         32   69  18   73   14   73   23   24   43   12  34

             :     
                    (portable)  :
                                        Toshiba  27%, NEC -
15%    1990 .
        * ) Packard&Bell ()
   
      ,  12   1981    
    IBM      Intel
    Microsoft MS DOS.   ,  
            .  
,       IBM  
  .  ,      
                     
,         ,         
           ""   .      
               ,
,   -   [31],  200   1987 .
   ,    -    ,  
       . ,   1988      10
  ( 60%   )    ,
  4   -  ,  -       
.    1988     Compaq  ()
  2 ., ..  60%,      
   9%.     , ,  
       .   90-   
      :        
  . 1.3.



  1.3
                             
 90- 

                                  
                         1994 /        
                      1995      
                                      /
                                       
                Compaq                               25%
                        4,799/10%     5,999/10%
                                                     21%
          IBM           3,937/8,2%    4,780/8%
                                                     18%
          Apple         3,957/8,3%    4,658/7,8%
             Packard&                                28%
          Bell          2,473/5,2%    3,169/5,3%
                   NEC                               48%
                        1,941/4,1%    2,864/4,8%
                                                     24%
               30,794/64,3%  38,249/64%
                          47,901/100%             
                                 59,719/100% 24,7%
   
   
                 
  (Workstation).           
:     8-  16- ,  
           -      32-;   
                 
    ,      
        ,          
   .
         ,    
      . ,
  1995          60 .  .  
,     60-        18
.,    .   , 
    ,      
           
.
   
   1.1.3.   
                -
            
  .    
         :    
,    .      
                    
,        
       
     .
            
      [30]. ,  ,    
   ,      
(     ,    )      
  .          
             -   
 -.     
   90-   [30] ( DM -  Deutsche
Mark -  ,  ,     1,55  DM
 $1):
   
   -  0 - 1  -   (  25  . DM);
   -    2 - 3  -    (  25 .   100  .
DM);
   -    4  - 5  -    (  100 .     500
. DM);
   -    6 - 7  -    ( 500 .   2  .
DM);
   -  8 - 10 -   (  2 . DM).
   
   ,  -  ,     ;  
      ,  
       -
  ,       ..    
-%b     :  ,    .  1.1.2    
    [31]    0  -  3    
,  -       
.               
     .
                
,         -
  ,         
      ;     
      ,  -
                
 .
   
   1.2.        
   
             -
           ,  
      ,   
    :    ,   
    ..           
    ,     
    .        
    ,      
      [19,26].
           
  :    
 ,     ,
      -   
(),    ;      
       .     ,  
      ,   ,  
   ,      
      ,    
 .
         90-            
  .     ,  
 -  ,   . 
-  ,       
    .       
 :   1996     22,4 
    1995 ,  4  1996   
  47,4  . .  ,   -
1995        31%    
1994 .
              
          .      
      
  .  , ,   
  ,        .
       
    .  ,          
      ,      
     ,     
          
.
   
   1.3.       
   
       ,       
 ()  -  .    
    .   
  ,       40% 
     [31].   ,   
                
,     ,   
    ..       , .. -
  ,       ,
            
 (  Siemens,     CDC,  
   ..),     -
       -        -
             
  ( )      .  
,  ,   .     
""  Mainfraimes   ""   -
,   ,  , -  , 
       , -
         (BS2000  "",  VSM    IBM).  
                
   -     .    
   - -   .
          .  
    Apple (  Commodore,Tandy
  .),      hardware  software.
        -
:             
      MS DOS /   Windows   
Misrosoft,  Norton Commander,     
     (Pascal,  C,  C++,  Borland
C)     ..            
      -    :   
            (!)
 ,     .
                 
    ,         
           -
   . ,   ,     ,
       ;         
   , ,  ,  
       .          
-   ,               
.
          90-    :
           (Adobe,   Autodesk,    Lotus,
Microsoft, Oracle, Novell)  1990    28%  
,             (Apple,   Compag,
Dell,   Northgate,   Acer),     hardware,    
    5%.      
 (Ashton-Tate, Borland,  Word Perfekt,  Novell,  Lotus 
.)      , ,   ,     ,
*  *         .      
       (,   ,   
      -   )  -        
               
     : .,  , Manager-Magazin, 11/94
-      800   .
      ,          
          .  
       ,        .
                   
    .   
      ;  ,  
:     , ,  ,
   - ,      
(Consulting).                 
     .
   
   1.4.       
   
                
,               
        .
   ,      
           .      
   ,        
  .    ,     
   -   80-  .     ,   
-      -     
  .  " "!
     ,         
    -         
-  hardware     sofrware.     
 ,   ,  -  
  -,        
,    -    ,
           
    :    , 
 !    ,   ,   .
              
,   ,    ,
  ,    .    
  ,        
                   
,                    
  .       
  .     ,    
    [12].  ,      
               
- ,        
 ""  (Siemens, Microsoft, Novell, NEC 
..).
2 0.2  0.3  0.5  0.6  0.7  0.9  1.0  1.0
     ips   0    9    2   5    8    3    2    6    1    3    8
12  Siem             