     ଠ "crl"-䠩  㣨 堭  ஢
     

	  ᮢ ணࠬ⠬,  騬  ணࠬ
 몥 ᥬ (  設 ),    室
뢠 ணࠬ  設     ணࠬ,  -
祭묨  १ ࠡ  "".      
⠫쭮 ᠭ ଠ crl  ᠭ,    㭪樨  
몥 ᥬ  ଠ crl ⠪ ࠧ,  ⮡    
뫮 ᯮ짮,    	㣨	㭪樨,  騪
"". ᠭ  ᮣ襭    ।  ࠬ஢  	맮,
ᯮ㥬  "",  ⠪ 	  ணࠬ,
騥   ६ 믮. 

		    ଠ crl  ⠫
		    

      ᯮ짮 ᥬ  digital research -  asm
 ⠭⭮ ਡ⨢ ᪥  ணࠬ   -
 casm.com.  ணࠬ ਭ    室  㭪樨  
몥 ᥬ  ᯥ樠쭮 ଠ "csm".  ⥬  ⮬-
᪨ ८ࠧ 室 䠩 ⨯ csm  䠩 ⨯ asm,  -
  ᥬ஢ ।⢮ asm.com.
       䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 casm    asm    楫
ᮧ crl 䠩   室 ,   ࣠-
 crl-䠩,  襭      -
⠫쭮 ᠭ ଠ crl. 

		      crl-䠩
		     

       ᥪ "crl"-䠩   .
᫨  ᯮ ddt  sid  ᬮ 䠩,    ᥪ-
 ᯮ  祩  100h - 2ffh.
      㭪樮   䠩  ᮮ⢥騩
室  , 騩    (    쬨
ᨬ, 祬 訩   ᫥  ⠭   1)
 -⮢ 祭, 饣    ࢮ  
  । 䠩. ਬ砭 :  㭪樮 -
㫥  "crl"-䠩 ᮮ⭥ᥭ  樥 0,   
⭮⥫쭮 砫 䠩. 	⮬    ᮮ⢥
  0  1ffh. 祩 200h-204h १ࢨ஢,  ⠪  
訩  㭪樮쭮  ࠢ 205h.
      ᫥ 室     ᫥  ⮥
 (80h),   ᫥ ᫮, 饥  ࢮ
᢮   䠩.  ஡ ᪠ -
   䨧᪮ 㭪樮쭮 , ⮡ -
  ᫥饣   । ࠭ (᪠,
16 ),   ᠬ      
 ஡.  

    砫  ७   ᯥ䨪樨 ࠧ
    

        ⮢  ⮣  ᥪ  "crl"-䠩	(祩
200h-204h ⭮⥫쭮 砫 䠩) ᮤঠ  ଠ,  -
 clink ᯮ, ⮡ । 砫 (᫨    -
᪥ cc  뫠   -e)   ࠧ  	譨
  믮饩 ணࠬ.   ଠ  ⮢ୠ
⮫쪮, ᫨ "crl"-䠩,  ᮤঠ騩  ,  ᬠਢ  
"" "crl"-䠩   ப clink;  ⨢ -
砥  ଠ  ᯮ. 
       ⮣ ᥪ  祭 0bdh, ᫨ 
- ᯮ짮   ६  樨    ᮧ	
譨 ;  ⨢ 砥  祭   0.
ன  ⨩  ᮤঠ , 	  ࠭  
樨 -, ᫨  ᯮ짮. 
     ⢥     ⮣  ᥪ  ᮤঠ  ࠧ
 譨  ( - 訩 ,  - 訩
). Clink ᥣ 砥 ࠧ  譨    
 ᯥ樠 祥 "᭮" "crl"-䠩 (.. 䠩 crl,
ᮤঠ饣 㭪 "Main" ணࠬ).  "crl"-䠩,	oo
 ᮤঠ 㭪 "Main",    ᯮ. 

		     樮 㫨
		     

      㭪樮   । "crl"-䠩 -  
ᨬ , ᮤঠ ࠧ ᠬ 㭪樨   
,   ࠬ஢ ६饭  㭪樨    ᯨ᮪
  㭪権,    맢. 
     㭪樮  - ᨬ  ;  砥,
    䨧᪨ ।   祩   ।-
 䠩 crl (   뢠,      ᯮ짮
clib ६訢 㫨).

     ଠ 㭪樮쭮 :
     1. ᯨ᮪ 㦭 㭪権
     2.  ⥫
     3. ⥫
     4. ࠬ ६饭 

		 ᮪ 室 㭪権
		 

     ᫨ 㭪,   ᮧ,  뢠  㣨  -
樨,  ⮬  㫥    ᯨ᮪    
㭪権. ଠ  ᫥騩:   ᫥⥫ ᯨ-
᮪   ⠭   訬  (ᥤ)  ⮬  
᫥   . 㫥   蠥	ᯨ᮪.
⮩ ᯨ᮪ ( 㭪  뢠    㣨  -
権) -  ⮫쪮  㫥 .
     ਬ,  㭪 foobar 뢠  㭪樨  putchar,
getchar, setmem.

     ᮪ 㭪権, 室 foobar,  ᫥騩 : 
     47 45 54 43 48 41 d2 50 55 54 43 48 41 d2
     g e t c h a r' p u t c h a r' 
     53 45 54 4d 45 cd 00
     s e t m e m' () 

		     ⥫ 㭪樨
		    

       2-⮢ ᫮, ᯥ饥  
( ) ⥫,   ᫥ ࠧ  ᯨ᪮ 㭪権.
, ।饥 , 뢠 ᫥騬 ࠧ: ᭠-
砫 - 訩 , ⥬ - 訩 . 

			 㭪樨
		        

      ࠧ 㭪樮쭮  ᮤন  設  
8080  㭪樨, 祬 ⮢  ᥣ ࠢ . 
     ᫨ ᯨ᮪ 室 㭪権  ,  設  
稭  ࢮ  ⥫. ᫨ ᯨ᮪  室  -
権 ᯥ஢ n ,  砫 ⥫   ࠧ饭
⠡  ஢ 室,   n   jmp),
  ।⢮  室    ⠡.
     ਬ, 砫 ⥫  㭪樨 foobar, ᠭ  ,
㤥 ⠪: 
     jmp 000ch
     jmp 0000h
     jmp 0000h
     jmp 0000h 

		    ࠬ ६饭
		    

     אַ ᫥  ⥫ ᯮ ࠬ  ६饭,
..  ᮢ (⭮⥫쭮 砫 ⥫  㭪樨),  㪠-
   ࠭    ।  ⥫,  -
饩   . Clink   ᫮,	  -
஥ 㪠뢠 㪠⥫  ⮬ ᯨ᪥  ਡ    -
  ६ 믮. 
     ࢮ ᫮  ᯨ᪥ ६饭 -    ᯨ-
 ࠬ஢ ६饭, ⠪ ࠧ, ᫨  n  -
஢ ६饭,  ᯨ᪠ (   ᫮,  ᮤঠ饥
) 㤥 2n + 2 ⮢.
     ਬ, 㭪,  ᮤন     -
 室,   樨  ࠧ饭  ᮮ⢥⢥  
祩 22h, 34h, 4fh, 61h, 㤥  ᫥騩 ᯨ᮪  -
饭: 
     04 00 23 00 35 00 50 00 62 00 
     ਬ砭:     㢥祭   -
, ⮡ 㪠  ⢨⥫    ६頥  -
࠭. 

		      襭 BDS C
		      

			   ⥪
			   

     ।  㬥⮢ 뢠 㭪樨, ⠪ ,  
ࠧ饭 (⮬᪮) ᥩ 쭮 , ந室 
 ⥪. 

		      ⥫ ⥪
		      

     ⥫  ⥪ ࠭  ॣ  sp	  樨
祭  襣  , 㯭  짮⥫
 ६ 믮 ணࠬ. 
     । ᫥  饩   
o,  樨   ६ ;  㬮砭 㪠-
⥫ ⥪ 樠  ᮬ BDOS CP/M,  ⥪
 ,  CCP  ॡ 祣   ᫥  믮-
 ணࠬ, ⮡  CCP ⭮    .  ᫨
ᯮ  -t,  祭,  	⢥  -
 -t, ᯮ  樠樨 sp.  ᫨  ᯮ짮-
  -n, sp ⠭  砫 CCP,   㬥蠥
࠭⢮ ⥪  2,         
஢  믮 祣 . 

	     ࠭⢮,  ⥪
	     

     奬   ⥪ ᯮ    -
 (⮬), ଠ ࠬ,     
஬ १   ⥪,    稭  
     . 
     ᨬ쭮 ࠭⢮, ॡ饥  ⥪, ਬ୮
ࠢ  쭮  , ।塞    砥
襩 㡨  맮 㭪樨,    ਬ୮
᪮쪮 ⥭ ⮢ (  襬  砥)    १⮢
஬ ᫥. 
     ᫨  쭮  ⠢ n,	    ᢮-
 , 㯭 짮⥫,  ࠧ 㫮:
     topofmem () - endext () - (n + fudge),  祭  fudge
(  ஬ १)  500    -
筮 . 
     Topofmem  endext  묨 㭪ﬨ,  -
  ᮮ⢥⢥ 㪠⥫  訩  ,
ᯮ㥬 ࠡ饩 ணࠬ (設 ⥪)   㪠⥫
 ,  ᫥  殬  譨 . -
祭 ndext() -  㪠⥫    , 饩
 ᯮ殮 ணࠬ  । /    -
楫 ᯮ짮. 

		      譨 
		      

       筮 ᯮ ࠧ	᫥  ணࠬ-
 ,  ⮬    殬 譨    
⥪ ᢮  ।. 

		⮪ 맮  
	        

      㭪 砥 ࠢ,    筮  믮
᫥騥 ⢨  ᫥饬 浪:  ।  -
࠭⢮     ⥪ (㬥 sp     -
⢮ 室 쭮 )     祭
sp   ॣ   ᯮ짮  ⢥ ﭭ  㪠-
⥫  ᭮  . 稭  sp  bc 
筮 樨  १ sp 砥  ⮬,	  sp  ᨫ쭮
   㯫  push  pop,  
ࠧ ᮢ 쭮 ⠭.	  ,  
஥ 祭 bc  ᥣ  ࠭   뢠饩
ணࠬ.  ⨬,  맢 㭪 ॡ nlocl  
쭮 ⥪ ࠭⢠. ᫥ ࠭ (push) -
ண 祭 bc, 㬥襭 sp  稭 nlocl   sp 
bc (  ⮬ 浪),   쭮 ६ 
ᬥ饭 loffset    ⠭     -
: 
	  (bc)+loffset 
     ᫨ 㭪樨 । ࠬ,  n- 䠪᪮
ࠬ   祭 ᫥騬 ࠧ: 
	  (bc)+nlocl+2+2n, 
      n ࠢ 1  ࢮ ࠬ, 2- ண   ..
 ᫥ 㫠 祭    ᮮࠦ,    -
 ᥣ 뢠  ⥪  ⭮ 浪   맮
ணࠬ,    㬥⮢  ᫥  -
, 믮 뢠饩 ணࠬ ।  ।  ⢥
맮 㭪樨. ᫥ ⮣,   맢  㭪  ࠭
ॣ bc,  4 ⥫   ⥪  -
騬 祭 㪠⥫    ଠ	ࠬ஬:  1)
࠭ ॣ bc, 2)    뢠 㭪.
      ,   奬 ॡ, ⮡   -
ࠬ  筮 2 . ⮬ ࠬ ࠧ஬  
 (⨯ char) ᥣ ८ࠧ   16-ࠧ來  祭
   㫥   	  ७
    ।  ⢥ ࠬ஢. 
     訢 ⢨  ࠡ⪥ ଠ樨, 맢  -
 । ⮬ ࠢ  ᢮ ᢮	-
 , 㢥稢 sp  稭 nlocl, ⠭  ॣ-
஢  bc, ⮫ ࠭ 祭  ⥪,  ⥬
 । ࠢ 뢠饩 ணࠬ. 
     뢠 ணࠬ  ⢥⢥    ⠭-
 sp  ० 祭, ஥       饭  
⥪ ࠬ஢ 맮. 맢 㭪    ⮣  ᤥ-
, ..    ﭨ ।  ⢨⥫쭮  -
⢮ । ࠬ஢ (஥      ६,
  砥 㭪樨 printf). ⠪, ଠ 易  -
뢠饩 㭪樨:
     1.  䠪᪨ ࠬ  ⥪    ⭮  -
浪 (᫥  ࠬ - ,  - ᫥);
     2. 맢 ॡ㥬 㭪, 㡥,     ॣ-
 hl,    ॣ de  -  祭  (..
뢠 㭪    ᮤন ॣ஢ de,  
 ॣ hl -   祭).  ⮬   ,
  १ 맮 ॣ bc   , ..    ᮣ-
襭, 뢠 㭪  ࠭  ᮤন  ॣ-
஢ bc.  㯠  㭪樨, 㥬  ஬,
⠪   ᥬ 㭪樨  BDS C.
     3. ᫥   맢 㭪樨: ⠭ ०-
 祭  ॣ sp, ஥    		  ⥪
ଠ ࠬ஢.	 ஦뭥 - ।  ⮬
ॣ஢ hl, ᮤঠ  饭 㭪樥 祭. 
⮩ ᯮᮡ ⠢樨 㪠⥫ ⥪ -  믮  pop  d
   ᥭ  ⥪ ࠬ. 易	뢠-
 㭪樨:
     1.   ⥪ ᮤন ॣ஢ bc,  ᫨	
⭮ 	    뢠 㭪.
     2. ᫨ ॡ 쭠  ,  㬥  㪠⥫
⥪   稭 室 ⢠ ⮢.
     3.  室, ࠭  ᮤন sp   bc,
⮡  ᯮ짮   ⢥ 㪠⥫     -
  ६.   ⮣, ᫨   ࠭  bc
 蠣 1.
     4. 믮 ॡ㥬 ᫥.
     5.  砭 ᫥  ᢮  	,
㢥稢 sp 	ࠧ  쭮 .
     6.  ஥ 祭 bc  ⥪, ᫨  뫮 -
࠭  蠣 1.
     7. 믮  뢠 ணࠬ,  ⨢  -
頥 祭  ॣ hl, ᫨  .
蠣 1.
     7. 믮  뢠 ணࠬ,  ⨢  -
頥 祭  ॣ hl, ᫨  