		     ९ ᥬ
		     

     Casm -   ९,	-    砥    室
室 䠩  몥 -ᥬ  ७ ".csm" (᮪-
饭   assembly)  ᯥ樠쭮 ଠ  뢠  䠩
".asm",    ⥬    ᥬ஢  ⠭,
騬 ᥬ஬ CP/M (s.ᮬ). Casm ,  -
 몠 ᥬ ᯮ ६頥    ⠢-
 ᮮ⢥騥 ᥢ-樨  ⥫  -
権  砥 "asm"-䠩, ⮬ ᫥饥  ᥬ-
 ࠧ ।⢥ ଠ crl. ஬  ⮣,  믮-
  ᪨ ஢ન: 㦨    -
 । /  ୮  ।  ᨬ;
㡫஢   ࠧ 㭪 ᪠, ..   -
ࠧ  㭨 , ⮬ asm  㦨 訡.

		   樨  ப
		   

     "-" - 몫砥  ਥ  室   -
室.  㬮砭 casm 㤠    ਨ    室
䠩  ⥭  	   頥  	ਥ  
ࠧ㥬 ᥬ ⥪ ନ㥬 asm-䠩. ᫨  -
  -, 室 ਨ ࠭   casm  -
 ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ਨ  砥 䠩.
     "-f" - 砥 䫠   -    -
⥪ cmac.lib, ⮡   짮⥫ ८ࠧ 
室 䠩  몥 ᥬ  ଠ csm.
     "-o " - ᢠ 室 䠩  .asm. 筮
室 䠩 砥 ,   饥         室
csm-䠩  ७	".asm".
     ᥢ樨,  ਭ  casm,    ᯥ-
 ࠢ騥   । 䠩 "csm", ᫥騥: 

     function <> 

      㭪  稭 ᥢ-樥 function
<>,  <>  , ஥ 㤥  ᯮ짮
  ⮩ 㭪樨   crl-䠩.  ⮩ ப   -
᪠  㣮 ଠ樨.  :    ࠡ⪥
casm ࠢ쭮  ࠡ뢠  㭪権, ᮤঠ ᨬ
"ન ",  , 騪   -
  頥  ⠪   ४⭮.  ਬ-
:   ࠡ⪨ 	室  ⥪  ॢ  
孨 ॣ. 

     external <ᯨ᮪> 

     ᫨ 㭪 뢠 , ஢     
ᥬ, ࠧ   function   ᫥  ᥢ-
 external,  ன ᫥ 	㭪樨, 祬
 ᯨ᪥  㯮ॡ ᪮쪮 ,      	㭪樨
  ᪮쪮 ப external.  ப external  -
⨬ ⮫쪮  㭪権;    (⠪,  ६
"external", o।   ணࠬ )    
   "xternal". 

     endfunc, endfunction

       (  ᪠)    饭
᫥  ⥫  㭪樨.  㭪樨   㪠뢠 
⢥ ࠭.
      襯᫥  ᥢ樨    易⥫쭮
室 ।  몠 ᥬ  ".csm"-䠩. 

     include < 䠩> 

       뢠 ⠢  䠩   ⥪  
ப 室 䠩. 筮	  砫  csm-䠩  
 #include "bds.lib", ⮬   ⠭  -
ணࠬ   ६  믮  ᯮ  casm    
  ।  뫪. 
      室 ⥪  casm: 

     include "bds.lib" 

     function <-1>
     [ external <1>, [ ... ] ]
       㭪樨 1
     ndfunc 

     function <-2>
     [ external <1>, [ ... ] ]
       㭪樨 2
     endfunc 

     end 

     ⥫ 砭: 
     1. ᫨ ᥬୠ  ᯮ	  ⪮,  
⪨   稭  1- . ᫨  ⪨	  -
稭   1,  casm  ਬ ,     -
ࠧ  㤥 ந ࠢ쭮.
     2. 뫪 ।  equ-ᨬ  믮塞   
ࠧ,   ⨬ 뫪 ।   ६騥
ᨬ.  ந室 - ⮣,  casm - 䠧  -
   ⮫쪮    砥 ࠭    
ᨬ, casm ਭ,   ᨬ  ६騬,  
 ࠬ ६饭   .
     3. include  ⮫쪮    ஢  -
.
     4.  室 ᯥ஢ ६頥  祭
  dw,    ⢥ 祭,  
 ⮬ ⭮  dw,  ⨢  砥  ८ࠧ-
 㤥 ந ࠢ쭮.  㣨  ᫮,  ⮫쪮
 16-⮢ ६頥   ࠧ蠥  	
 dw. 
     5. ᨬ, ᯮ㥬  ,   ⮫쪮  -
-஢묨;   	⠪  ࠧ蠥,  
 ᯮ짮   ਢ  䫨  ⪠,  -
஢묨 casm. 
     6. 䠩 "hex", ᮧ asm ᫥ ᥬ஢  室
casm,      	८ࠧ      䠩,  ⥬
ᯮ짮  CP/M load,       ᯮ짮-
 ddt  sid 	⥭ 䠩  ,   ⥬  
   save      "crl"-䠩. Casm
⠢    "asm"-䠩,	稢  ᨬ-
 ".", ⮬  ப 㤥 ⬥祭  䫠    -
筠.  짮⥫  ᬮ 	 祭,  -
⠭ ᫥    , ⮡ 㢨 筮,	᪮쪮
256-⮢  室   save ᫥  ᯮ짮-
 ddt  sid, ⮡  䠩  . 稭,  -
ன load    ᯮ짮, 砥  ⮬,   
casm 뤠   樨 㪠⥫ 䠩 crl   䠩
 asm, ᯮ ᥢ- "org", ⮡ ⠭ 稪
  ⭮  砫 TPA.  load 뢠 ࠡ  
뤠祩 ᮮ饭 "inverted load  address",    
 樨.  ⮣, ⮡ casm 뢠  -
   ⤥ 䠩,  ⥬ 﫠 䠩    -
 ⮣  䠩   ,    訫	ॡ  
짮⥫ ᯮ짮  save. 
    -
 ⮣  