
     16.   
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    ணࠬ  몥 ᪠ ⮨     -
,     ᢮ ।  ⠪    
  ..   ⠪   ,  -
 -  (  㣮 뢠    騬    -
). ⠪,  楤  ⤥쭠  ணࠬ,
 ᪠  - 㣮  ணࠬ -
।⢮   (.  ࠧ "맮  楤"  
 7). 㭪 祭 宦  楤,    
頥 祭 直 ࠧ,   䨪 ( -
) 砥  ६ 믮 (.  ࠧ "맮 㭪-
権"   6).

    ࠬ
    =========

    楤ࠬ  㭪   ।   -
 १  .  稥 ࠬ஢ ᯥ稢 ணࠬ-
 堭 ⠭,   ஬  ணࠬ
 ᯮ짮  ࠧ묨 砫묨 祭ﬨ,  ⥬ -
  ࠧ १.

     맮  楤   㪠⥫ 㭪樨,  
᪠ ணࠬ,   ᮤঠ ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢, -
뢠   .    । १ -
 ,  ।塞   ணࠬ. -
 ᪠    ࠧ  ⮤ । ࠬ஢:  
   ,   । ⢨  -
 ଠ ࠬ஢  祭 䠪᪨ ࠬ஢.

    ᫨ ࠬ ।  ,   ଠ -
 ।⠢  ६,   -
ணࠬ,    祭 ଠ쭮 ࠬ   
   䠪᪨  ࠬ.  ᪨ ࠬ஬ 
 ந쭮 ࠦ,  ⮬ ᫥ - ६ ⠪ 
⨯,   ᮮ⢥騩 ଠ ࠬ.  ࠬ-
 뢠  -        
ணࠬ ⠪,      ᫥饬 ਬ ( 
᫥騥 ਬ 뢠  楤; ᠭ -
 㭪樨    ⮩    ࠧ "㭪樨"):

    procedure Example (Num1,Num2: Number; Str1,Str2: Txt);

     Number    Txt  -   ।⥫쭮 । ⨯
(ਬ, Integer  string[255]) ,  Num1,  Num2,  Str1, Str2 -
 ,    । 祭 䠪᪨
ࠬ஢.  ଠ    䠪᪨  ࠬ஢  
ᮮ⢥⢮  .

         ,    ⨯ ࠬ஢  
㪠   ⮫쪮   ।⥫쭮 ।-
 䨪 ⨯. , :

    procedure Select (Model: array[1..500] of Integer);

     .    ⮣  ॡ㥬 ⨯ 
 ।  ࠧ । ⨯  ,    
ᠭ ࠬ஢   ᯮ짮 䨪 ⮣
⨯:

    type
      Range = array[1..500] of Integer;

    procedure Select (Model: Range);

     ࠬ ।  , ଠ ࠬ 
⢨⥫쭮 ।⠢ 䠪᪨ ࠬ  믮-
 ணࠬ.  ⮬,  ,  ࣠
ଠ ࠬ, ࠦ  䠪᪮ ࠬ, -
,  ᫥⥫쭮,   ६. ࠬ, ।-
  , 뢠 -  -
   :

    procedure Example (var Num1,Num2: Number);

    ࠬ-祭  ࠬ-६  ᬥ訢 
 楤,  ਬ :

    procedure Example (var Num1,Num2: Number; Str1,Str2: Txt);

     Num1  Num2 - ࠬ-६,  Str1,Str2 - -
-祭.

     ᫥  ᮢ  믮   맮 楤.
, ᫨ ६  ⮩ ᨢ,      -
 ࠦ   맮 ணࠬ.

    ⨬,   䠩,  騩  ࠬ஬,  ᥣ 
   ࠬ-६.

       , ⠪  ᨢ, 㦭 -
। ணࠬ  ࠬ, ᯮ짮 ࠬ--
   ६ 믮, ⠪  , ᪮ 
⮬ 砥 ணࠬ ।   䠪᪮ -
ࠬ. ࠬ-祭 ॡ 뤥    -
஢ ᥩ  ,  ⠪ ६   ஢-
.

    ᫠ ࠭祭  ⨯ ࠬ஢
    -----------------------------------------

    筮  ᯮ짮 ࠬ஢-६ ଠ 
䠪᪨ ࠬ      筮 ᮮ⢥⢮ 
.  砥,   ⭮,   ணࠬ, ॡ饩
ࠬ-६ ⨯ STRING   ।  ப
⮩  ,    ।  ணࠬ.   ࠭祭
      ४⨢ V .   㬮砭
⠭ ० {$V+},   ஬ ॡ  ᮮ⢥-
⢨ ⨯,    ६   {$V-} ᫠  ࠭-
祭  ᪠  ⢥ 䠪᪮ ࠬ  ।
ப  , ᨬ   ଠ쭮 ࠬ.

ਬ:
-------

    program Encoder;
    {$V-}
    type
      WorkString = string[255];
    var
      Line1: string[80];
      Line2: string[100];

    procedure Encode (var LineToEncode: WorkString);
    var
      i: Integer;
    begin
      for i:=1 to Length(LineToEncode) do
        LineToEncode[i]:=Chr(Ord(LineToEncode[i])-30);
    end;
    begin
      Line1:='⭮ ᮮ饭';
      Encode (Line1);
      Line2:='㣮 ( ) ᥪ⭮ ᮮ饭';
      Encode (Line2);
    end;


    ࠬ-६,  騥 ⨯
    -------------------------------------

    ᫨ ⨯ ଠ쭮 ࠬ  ।, .. ।-
 ⨯  饭    ࠬ஢  ணࠬ,
⠪ ࠬ 뢠   .  ⢥騩 
䠪᪨ ࠬ    ⨯.

      ᥡ ଠ ࠬ  ⨯ ᮢ⨬   
⨯   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⠪ ⥪,  ⨯
   祭.  ਬࠬ ⮣   ࠬ
 ADDR,  BLOCKREAD/BLOCKWRITE, FILLCHAR  MOVE  ᯥ-
    ६.

    楤 SwithVar,  ਢ   ᫥饬 ਬ,  -
 ᯮ짮 ࠬ஢,   ⨯.  -
  ᮤন ६ A1  A2.


    procedure SwithVar (var A1p,A2p; Size: Integer);
    type
      A = array[1..MaxInt] of Byte;
    var
      A1: A absolute A1p;
      A2: A absolute A2p;
      Tmp: Byte;
      Count: Integer;
    begin
      for Count:=1 to Size do
        begin
          Tmp:=A1[Count];
          A1[Count]:=A2[Count];
          A2[Count]:=Tmp;
        end;
    end;


    ।,  ᤥ :

    type
      Matrix = array [1..50,1..25] of Real;
    var
      TestMatrix,BestMatrix: Matrix;

     楤 SwithVar   ᯮ짮  
祭ﬨ   栬:

    SwithVar (TestMatrix,BestMatrix,SizeOf(Matrix));


    楤
    =========

    楤   ⠭  । 짮-
. ⠭ 楤   ࡮-⥬   -
  맢  . 楤ࠬ, । -
⥫,  ᢠ  ⠭ 楤,    
⮬ 砥  ⠭⭠ 楤 ⠭ 㯭  -
 ⢨    楤,  ।
짮⥫.

    ᠭ 楤
    ------------------

    ᠭ () 楤 ⮨   -
,     ᫥ ,  ᮤঠ騩 ࠧ ᠭ 
 .

     楤  ⮨    १ࢨ஢  ᫮
PROCEDURE,   ᫥ 䨪,  ⠭
 楤,  ⥬   ᫥ 易⥫ ᯨ᮪
ଠ ࠬ஢ (ᬠਢ訩  ࠧ  "ࠬ"
饩 ).

ਬ:
--------
    procedure LogOn;
    procedure Position (X,Y: Intrger);
    procedure Compute (var Data: Matrix; Scale: Real);

     ᠭ    楤  ⠪  ,    
ணࠬ.   䨪,   ᯨ᪥ ଠ
ࠬ஢   ࠧ  楤  묨
  楤    楤  .  ⮬ -
⮨  ⨥   ⢨ 䨪,   ன 
 .  楤      
⠭,  ⨯, ६, 楤  㭪樨, ।-
  譨  ⭮襭   .

    ୠ  । ⢨,    
믮 楤ன          ⠢   
(. ࠧ "⠢ "   7).  ᫨ -
  楤  ᯮ  ୮  ⮩ 
楤,  ⠪ 楤 㤥 믮  ४ᨢ.  
ᯮ짮 ४ᨨ ४⨢ A    -
祭, .. {$A-} .

     ᫥饬 ਬ  ணࠬ, ᯮ -
  ।  ࠬ.  ᪮ 䠪᪨ ࠬ-
, । 楤,      -
⠭⠬, ଠ  ࠬ   ᯥ稢 । 
祭.

    program Box;
    var
      I: Integer;

    procedure DrawBox(X1,Y1,X2,Y2: Integer);
    var
      i: Integer;
    begin
      GotoXY(X1,Y1);
      for i:=X1 to X2 do write ('-');
      for i:=Y1+1 to Y2 do
        begin
          GotoXY(X1,i); Write('!');
          GotoXY(X2,i); Write('!');
        end;
      GotoXY(X1,X2);
      for i:=X1 to X2 do Write('-');
    end; { of procedure DrawBox }

    begin
      ClrScr;
      for i:=1 to 5 do DrawBox(i*4,i*2,10*i,4*i);
      DrawBox(1,1,80,23);
    end;

      室,  ⮡ 䠪᪨  ࠬ
࣠ ⠪  ,   ࣠ ଠ-
 ࠬ.   ⠪  ᯮ  ࠬ-६-
, ਬ:

    procedure Switch(var A,B: Integer);
    var Tmp: Integer;
    begin
      Tmp:=A; A:=B; B:=Tmp;
    end;

      楤 뢠 ஬ Swith(I,J), ந-
  祭 I  J.  ᫨   ⮩  楤
  -㣮:

    procedure Switch(A,B: Integer);

    ..    ।祩   ࠬ஢      ,    맮
Switch(I,J)    祭 I  J.


    ⠭ 楤
    ---------------------

     ࡮-᪠  楫  ⠭ 楤. 
  ᫥騥 ⥣ਨ:

    1) 楤 ࠡ⪨ ப,
    2) 楤  ࠡ  䠩,
    3) 楤  ࠧ饭 ᪨  ६,
    4) 楤 /뢮.

    楤    ⥣਩ 뫨 ᬮ७ ࠭ 
ࠧ  ᮮ⢥騬 ﬨ.     -
   楫  ⠭ 楤,   㯭 
᫮,   襣 ନ 뫨 ⠫஢ ᮮ⢥-
騥  (.  ࠧ "⠫"   1).  -
 祭  楤,  ⠪ ᮮ⢥騥 ᠭ.


    ࠭ 楤
    ..................


    楤 CLREOL
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: CLREOL;

     楤 㤠  ࠭  ᨬ,  稭  -
饩 樨   ⥫쭮   ப  ६-
饭 .


    楤 CLRSCR
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: CLRSCR;

     楤  頥 ࠭  ⠭   
孨 㣮 ࠭.   ⮬ ᫥  ஦,    
 ᯫ ⪠ ࠭ ᮯ஢ 뢠 
砫쭮 ﭨ  -ਡ⮢, ..  ਢ 
ࠧ襭  ⠭,  ᤥ ணࠬ.


    楤 CRTINIT
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: CRTINIT;

     楤 뫠   ,  -
।  楤 ⠫樨 ࠭.


    楤 CRTEXIT
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: CRTEXIT;

     楤 뫠   ,  ।-
  楤 ⠫樨 ࠭.


    楤 DELLINE
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: DELLINE;

     楤 㤠 ப, ᮤঠ ,  ᤢ
 ᯮ   ப   ப .


    楤 INSLINE
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: INSLINE;

     楤 ⠢   ப    ⥪饩  樨
.   ப,  ᯮ  ,  ᤢ  
ப ,  ᫥ ப 祧  ࠭.


    楤 GOTOXY
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: GOTOXY(Xpos,Ypos);

     楤 ६頥    ࠭,  
楫묨 ࠦﬨ Xpos (⮫)  Ypos (ப).  孨 -
  㣮  ᮮ⢥  樨  (1,1)  -   
HOME.


    楤 LOWVIDEO
    - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: LOWVIDEO;

    ࠭ 砥 -ਡ, ।  楤 -
⠫樨  "START OF LOW VIDEO",  ..   ᢥ祭 -
.


    楤 NORMVIDEO
    - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: NORMVIDEO;

    ࠭ 砥 -ਡ, ।  楤 -
⠫樨  "START NORMAL VIDEO",  ..  "ଠ쭮" ᢥ祭
࠭.



    樠 楤
    .....................


    楤 DELAY
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: DELAY(Time);

     楤  横,   믮  -
 ਡ⥫쭮  ⮫쪨 ᥪ㭤,  ᪮쪮 㪠  
ࠬ Time. ࠬ   ⨯ INTEGER. 筮 ६
 ᪮쪮   ࠧ 樮 㦥.


    楤 EXIT
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: EXIT;

     楤 ⢫ 室   ⥪饣  ᯮ塞
.   EXIT  믮  ணࠬ,   ਢ 
 ࠢ   ணࠬ    뢠  ணࠬ.
 EXIT 믮  ୮  ணࠬ,  -
蠥 믮 ணࠬ. 맮 EXIT  ࠢ  -
஬ GOTO,   । ࠢ  ,  ᯮ
 ࠧ । ᫮ END, 뢠騬  .


    楤 HALT
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: HALT;

     楤  ⠭ 믮 ணࠬ  -
頥 ࠢ 樮 ⥬.


    楤 MOVE
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: MOVE(Src,Trg,Cnt);

     楤  믮  ஢   
।⢥  .  ꥬ 㥬    
.  ࠬ  Src  Trg ।⠢ ᮡ  ६
ந쭮 ⨯,  ࠬ Cnt  ࠦ ⨯ INTEGER.
楤  믮 ஢  ,  ࠧ ண
 ࠬ஬ Cnt ( ),  稭   ࢮ  ,
⮣  ६ Src,   ,  砫 ண ᮢ 
 ⮬ ६ Trg.      ⢨
ᯥ樠஢  楤  "뫪  ࠢ"   "뫪
".    ⥬,   楤 MOVE ⮬᪨
ࠡ뢠  ४⨥ ⥩ ஢.


    楤 FILLCHAR
    - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: FILLCHAR(Var,Cnt,Val);

     楤      祭.
ࠬ Var -  ६ ந쭮 ⨯,  ࠬ Cnt
- ࠦ 楫 ⨯,   ࠬ Val - ࠦ ⨯  BYTE
 CHAR.   ,   稭  ࢮ ,
⮣ Var,    Cnt ,  祭 -
 Val.


    楤 RANDOMIZE
    - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: RANDOMIZE;

     楤  樠  ᥢ砩 -
ᥫ  砩 祭.




    㭪樨
    =======

     楤ࠬ,  㭪樨      ⠭묨
(।।묨),  । ணࠬ⮬.


    ᠭ 㭪樨
    ----------------

    ᠭ 㭪樨  砥  ᥡ  㭪樨  ,
,  ᢮ । ⮨  ࠧ ᠭ    -
୮ .

     㭪樨 ⥭  楤,  -
祭 ⮣,       ।  ⨯  १
㭪樨.  ⨣ ⥬    
 ⨯,  ਬ, :

    function KeyHit: Boolean;
    function Compute (var Value: Simple): Real;
    function Power (X,Y: Real): Real;

     १ 㭪樨     (..  INTEGER,
REAL, BOOLEAN, CHAR,  ⮩  ࠭祭 ⨯),
⨯ STRING  ⨯ 㪠⥫.

     ᠭ 㭪樨 ⠪ ,    楤.

    ୠ  㭪樨 ।⠢ ᮡ ⠢ -
 (.  ࠧ  "⠢ "   7).  
୮   ⢮      
ᢠ 祭 䨪 㭪樨.  ᫥ 믮-
  ⠪ ᢠ । १ 㭪樨. ᫨
맮 㭪樨     ୮  ⮩  㭪樨,
 㭪 㤥 맢 ४ᨢ.  ᯮ짮 ४ᨨ
४⨢  A   ⪫祭, .. {$A-}.

    騩 ਬ    ᯮ짮  㭪樨 
᫥ 㬬 鸞 楫 ᥫ  1  J.

    function RowSum (I,J: Integer): Integer;
      function SimpleRowSum (S: Integer): Integer;
      begin
        SimpleRowSum:= S*(S+1) div 2;
      end;
    begin
      RowSum:= SimpleRowSum(J)-SimpleRowSum(I);
    end;

     ⮬  ਬ 㭪 SimpleRowSum   㭪 Row-
Sum. ⮬ ࢠ 㭪  㯭 ⮫쪮  
⢨ ன 㭪樨.

      ணࠬ,   ᪨ -
஬ ਬ ४ᨢ 㭪樨  ᫥  䠪ਠ
᫠.

    {$A-}
    program Factorial;
    var
      Number: Integer;

    function Factorial (Value: Integer): Real;
    begin
      if Value = 0 then
         Factorial:=1
      else
         Factorial:=Value * Factorial(Value-1);
    end;

    begin
      Read(Number);
      WriteLn(^M,Number,'! = ',Factorial(Number));
    end;

        ,   ⨯,   ᯮ 
। ⨯ 㭪樨,    ࠭ 㪠   ⢥
 . ⮬ ⠪  :

    function LowCase (Line: UserLine): string[80];

     ⮣  ⨯ STRING[80] ᫥ 易 䨪-
 ⨯,     䨪 ᯮ짮  ।-
 ⨯ १ 㭪樨, ਬ ⠪:

    type
      Str80 = string[80];

    function LowCase (Line: UserLine): Str80;

    ᮡ ॠ樨 ⠭ 楤 WRITE  WRITELN
⠪,  㭪, ᯮ   ⠭ 楤
READ, READLN,  WRITE,  WRITELN,    뢠 
ࠦ   WRITE  WRITELN.    砭
ࠢ   ⠭ 楤 STR  VAL.



    ⠭ 㭪樨
    -------------------

     ࡮-᪠ ॠ ᫥騥 ⠭  (।-
।) 㭪樨:

    1) 㭪樨  ࠡ⪨ ப (.  9),
    2) 㭪樨  ࠡ  䠩 (.  14),
    3) 㭪樨  ࠡ  㪠⥫ﬨ (.  15).


    䬥᪨ 㭪樨
    ......................

    㭪 ABS
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: ABS(Num)

     㭪  頥 ᮫ 稭 ᢮ 㬥-
. ࠬ Num   ⨯  INTEGER,   REAL; ⨯
१ ᮢ  ⨯ 㬥.


    㭪 ARCTAN
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: ARCTAN(Num)

     㭪 頥 㣮   ࠤ,  ⠭  ண
ࠢ 祭 ࠬ Num. 㬥   ⨯ INTEGER
 REAL,  १  ⨯ REAL.


    㭪 COS
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: COS(Num)

     㭪 頥 ᨭ 㬥.  ࠬ Num -
ࠦ  ࠤ,    ⨯   INTEGER    REAL.
  ⨯ REAL.


    㭪 EXP
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: EXP(Num)

     㭪 頥  祭  ᯮ    㬥
Num. ࠬ Num   ⨯ INTEGER  REAL.  
 ⨯ REAL.


    㭪 FRAC
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: FRAC(Num)

     㭪 頥 ஡  ᢮ 㬥, ..
FRAC(Num) = Num - INT(Num).  ࠬ Num   ⨯ REAL
 INTEGER,  १  ⨯ REAL.


    㭪 INT
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: INT(Num)

     㭪 頥 楫  ᢮  㬥,  ..
襥 楫,  ஥   ࠢ ࠬ Num, ᫨
Num ⥫쭮,   襥 楫,  ஥   
ࠢ ࠬ Num, ᫨ Num ⥫쭮. ࠬ Num 
 ⨯ INTEGER  REAL,  १  ⨯ REAL.


    㭪 LN
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: LN(Num)

     㭪 頥 ࠫ  ᢮ 㬥-
. ࠬ Num    ⨯ REAL,    INTEGER,  
१ ᥣ  ⨯ REAL.


    㭪 SIN
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: SIN(Num)

     㭪 頥 ᨭ ᢮ 㬥. ࠬ Num
ࠦ  ࠤ    ⨯ REAL  INTEGER.  -
 ᥣ  ⨯ REAL.


    㭪 SQR
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: SQR(Num)

     㭪   頥    ᢮  㬥,  ..
Num * Num = SQR(Num).  ࠬ Num   ⨯  REAL  
INTEGER,  ⨯ १ ᮢ  ⨯ ࠬ.


    㭪 SQRT
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: SQRT(Num)

     㭪 頥  ७  ᢮ 㬥-
. ࠬ  Num   ⨯ REAL  INTEGER,   ⨯ -
 ᥣ REAL.


    㭪樨  ࠡ  묨 ⨯
    ....................................

    㭪 PRED
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: PRED(X)

     㭪 頥 祭,  饥 ।⢥-
 祭  ࠬ  X   ᫥⥫쭮 祭 ᮮ-
饣 ⨯,  ᫨ ⠪ 祭 .  X -
   ⮩ ⨯, ஬ REAL.


    㭪 SUCC
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: SUCC(X)

     㭪 頥 祭, ᫥饥  祭 -
ࠬ X   ᫥⥫쭮 祭 ᮮ⢥饣 ⨯,
᫨ ⠪ 祭 .   X    -
⮩ ⨯, ஬ REAL.


    㭪 ODD
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: ODD(X)

     㭪 頥 㫥᪮ 祭 TRUE, ᫨ X 
⭮ ᫮,    FALSE   ⨢ 砥.  ࠬ X 
 ⨯ INTEGER.


    㭪樨 ८ࠧ ⨯
    ............................

     㭪樨 ᯮ  ८ࠧ 祭 
⮣ ⨯  祭 㣮 ⮣ ⨯.    
㭪, ᠭ , ⮩  楫 㦨 ।⢮ ८-
 ⨯, ᠭ  ࠧ "८ࠧ ⨯" 
8.

    㭪 CHR
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: CHR(Num)

     㭪 頥  ⢥ १ ᨬ, -
  ண । 楫᫥ ࠦ Num.
ਬ, CHR(65) 頥 ᨬ 'A'.


    㭪 ORD
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: ORD(X)

     㭪  頥 浪  祭 ࠬ
X  ⢥ 祭,  ।塞 ⨯  ⮣  ࠬ.
ORD(X) ⭮ INTEGER(X) (.  ࠧ "८ࠧ -
"   8).   ࠬ X      -
,  ᪫祭 REAL,  १ ᥣ  ⨯ INTEGER.


    㭪 ROUND
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: ROUND(X)

     㭪 頥 祭 ᢮ 㬥 X,  -
  襣 楫 ᫥騬 ࠧ: ᫨ X -
⥫쭮,   ROUND(X) = TRUNC(X+0.5),   ᫨ X ⥫쭮, 
ROUND(X)  = TRUNC(X-0.5).  ࠬ X   ⨯ REAL,  
१  ⨯ INTEGER.


    㭪 TRUNC
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: TRUNC(X)

     㭪 頥 襥 楫, 襥  ࠢ
祭 ࠬ X,  ᫨ X ⥫쭮,   襥 -
, 襥    ࠢ 祭 ࠬ X,  ᫨ X -
⥫쭮. ࠬ X   ⨯ REAL,  १  ⨯
INTEGER.


    稥 ⠭ 㭪樨
    ..........................


    㭪 ADDR
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: ADDR(Name)

     㭪 頥  ࢮ  ⨯, ६
 ணࠬ   䨪஬,   ࠬ஬ Name.
᫨ Name  䨪஬ ᨢ,    -
஢, ᫨ 䨪஬ ,   㪠뢠 -
⭮ . 頥 祭  ⨯ INTEGER.


    㭪 HI
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: HI(Num)

    訩   १ ᮤন 訩  祭 -
 ࠦ Num. 訩  १ ࠢ . १-
  ⨯ INTEGER.


    㭪 KEYPRESSED
    - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: KEYPRESSED

     㭪 頥 㫥᪮  祭  TRUE,  ᫨  
 뫠  ,  FALSE  ⨢ 砥. -
 ⨣   맮 ணࠬ  -
 ,    樮 ⥬.


    㭪 LO
    - - - - - -
    ⠪: LO(Num)

     㭪 頥 訩  祭 楫 ࠦ-
 Num,    ⮬  訩   १ ⠭ 
.   ⨯ INTEGER.


    㭪 RANDOM
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: RANDOM
               RANDOM(Num)

     ⢨ ࠬ  㭪 頥  ᥢ-
砩 ᫮  ࢠ  0  1.   ⨯ REAL.

    ᫨ 㭪   ࠬ஬,   頥 ᥢ砩
᫮  ࢠ    Num.   ࠬ Num,  ⠪  -
  ⨯ INTEGER.


    㭪 PARAMCOUNT
    - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: PARAMCOUNT

     楫᫥  㭪 頥  ⢥ १
⢮ ࠬ஢,  । ணࠬ   
ப. ஡   ⠡樨 㦠 ࠧ⥫ﬨ.


    㭪 PARAMSTR
    - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: PARAMSTR(N)

     ப 㭪 頥  ⢥ १  N-
ࠬ    ப.


    㭪 SIZEOF
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: SIZEOF(Name)

     㭪 頥 ⢮ ⮢,  ஥ 
  ६ Name  ⢮ ⮢, 室 
稭 ⨯ Name.   ⨯ INTEGER.



    㭪 SWAP
    - - - - - - -
    ⠪: SWAP(Num)

     㭪    ⠬ 訩  訩  ᢮
ࠬ Num  頥 祭 祭  楫.

ਬ:
-------
    SWAP($1234) 頥 $3412  ( 襩 ᭮ 祭
                                     16- )


    㭪 UPCASE
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: UPCASE(Chr)

     㭪 頥 ᨬ -   孥  -
  ᨬ,   ࠬ஬ Chr,    
 ⨯ CHAR.  ᫨ ⠪   ,  -
祭 Chr 頥  .


    맮 㭪権 樮 ⥬
    ...................................

     楫  饭    ⥬ BDOS  BIOS 樮
⥬ CP/M-80  ࡮-᪠   ⠭  -
 BDOS   BIOS,    ⠭ 㭪樨 BDOS,  BDOSHL,
BIOS, BIOSHL.

    ஡  ணࠬ ⥬ BDOS  BIOS  ᬮ-
     "㪮⢥    樮 ⥬ CP/M" 
DIGITAL RESEARCH.


    楤  㭪 BDOS
    - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: BDOS(Func,Parm)

    楤 BDOS  ਬ    ᪠ ணࠬ BDOS
( ᪮ 樮 ⥬).   ࠦ  Func
।   뢠  ணࠬ   㦠  -
 C.   ࠦ Parm  易⥫  
ࠬ,  㦠  ॣ஢  DE. ᫥ -
 맮   0005 ⨢ BDOS.

    㭪 BIOS 뢠 筮 楤  ⥬   -
   頥  祭 ⨯ INTEGER,  ஥ ।⠢
ᮡ १, 頥 ⥬ BDOS  ॣ A.


    㭪 BDOSHL
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: BDOSHL(Func,Parm)

     㭪  筮  ᠭ  㭪樨 BDOS,
 ᪫祭 ⮣,  頥 १  ।-
 祭  ॣ஢ HL.


    楤  㭪 BIOS
    - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: BIOS(Func,Parm)

    楤 BIOS ਬ    ᪠  ணࠬ  BIOS
( ⥬ /뢮).  ࠦ Func ।
 뢠 ணࠬ, 祬 0 砥 ணࠬ
WBOOT, 1  - ணࠬ CONST  ..   砥,   
뢠 ணࠬ ࠢ (Func)*3 + ( WBOOT),  
WBOOT 室    ᠬ 0001  0002.   ࠦ-
 Parm  易⥫   ࠬ,  -
। 맮 㦠   ॣ஢ BC.

    㭪 BIOS 뢠 筮 ⠪ ,   楤  ⥬
 ,   頥 祭 ⨯ INTEGER,  ஥ ।-
⠢ ᮡ  १,  頥  ⥬ BIOS  -
 A.


    㭪 BIOSHL
    - - - - - - - -
    ⠪: BIOSHL(Func,Parm)

     㭪  筮  ⮫쪮  ᠭ 㭪樨
BIOS,  ᪫祭 ⮣,  頥 १ ।-
 祭  ॣ஢ HL.


    ।⥫ 
    ==========================

    ।⥫쭮  ணࠬ -  ⤥ -
 ⮩ ணࠬ   . ⤥ ⠪ ࠧ
 ணࠬ 祬  ⫨砥  筮 -
,  ᪫祭 ⮣,     稢 -
ࢨ஢ ᫮ FORWARD.   ணࠬ ࠧ頥 
⥪   ࠧ ᠭ.      ,  
 稭  ,   ஬   ࠧ ᮤ-
 ⮫쪮  ணࠬ,   ᮤন  ࠬ-
஢, ⨯  .

ਬ:
-------

    program Catch22;
    var
      X: Integer;
    function Up(Var I: Integer): Integer; forward;
    function Down (Var I: Integer): Integer;
    begin
      I := I div 2; Writeln(I);
      if I <> 1 then I := Up(I);
    end;
    function Up;
    begin
      while I mod 2 <> 0 do
      begin
        I := I*3+1; Writeln(I);
      end;
      I := Down(I);
    end;
    begin
      Write('  楫 ᫮: ');
      Readln(X);
      X := Up(X);
      Write('  浪. ணࠬ  ⠭');
    end;

    ᫨, ⨢  ணࠬ,   ,  ਬ, ᫮
6,  㤥 뢥 ᫥饥:

    3
    10
    5
    16
    8
    4
    2
    1
      浪. ணࠬ  ⠭.


     ⮫쪮  ணࠬ  ⢨⥫쭮 
᫮ ᨥ ᫥饩 ணࠬ:

    program Catch222;
    var
      X: Integer;
    begin
      Write('  楫 ᫮: ');
      Readln(X);
      while X <> 1 do
      begin
        if X mod 2 = 0 then X := X div 2 else X := X*3+1;
        Writeln(X);
      end;
      Write('  浪. ணࠬ  ⠭');
    end;

    ,   㤥 ᭮ 㧭,   
,   쪠  祭  ணࠬ    -
⢨⥫쭮 ⠭   楫 ᫠!


    譨 ணࠬ
    ====================

       譨 楤  㭪権 (筮  -
楤  㭪樨, ᠭ  設 ) ᯮ -
१ࢨ஢ ᫮ EXTERNAL.

     譥  ணࠬ   ,  ..   
 ࠧ ᠭ  ୮ .  뢠  ⮫쪮
 ணࠬ,    ।⢥ ᫥ -
१ࢨ஢ ᫮ EXTERNAL  楫 ⠭,   -
  ணࠬ  :

    procedure DiskReset; external $EC00;
    function IOstatus: Boolean; external $D123;

    譨 ணࠬ   ।  ࠬ,  祬
ᨭ⠪ ⮩  ।  筮 ᮢ  ᨭ⠪ᮬ -
। ࠬ஢   楤  㭪権, ਬ:

    procedure Plot(X,Y: Integer); external $F003;
    procedure QuickSort(var List: PartNo); external $1C00;

    쭥襥 㦤   । ࠬ஢ 譨
ணࠬ ⫮   22.
