

		  ணࠬ஢  BDS C
			 20.07.1996
	     ᪮ ࠢ: Orionsoft (C) 1996



	  ணࠬ஢     ࠭?  	
ਨ  ⮬,  㤭     .  㭤.  ⢨-
⥫쭮,  ணࠬ   㦠  ண-
ࠬ,  㤭   ⫠.         -
室 ᫥  ਬ. ᭮  몠 ண-
ࠬ஢        ᯮ짮.  

			 ?
		        

	   ⮬ 㬥   稬    ᭮  ⠬
몠   ,  ᯮ짮     ணࠬ.  
᫥饬 ࠧ ("   ᮡ  ணࠬ஢
 ")   ଠ樨.
	  筮,   ᬮ   ᥬ   ணࠬ-
஢    ᪮쪨 ࠭ ⭮ ⥪  -  -
ᠭ 楫   ⮬,   -    "  -
".
	   ⮬ 㬥 ᮤন  讥  ⢮  
᭮묨 ⠬ 몠  ਭ⥫쭮  BDS C  (BD  Sof-
tware C Compiler v1.50 / v1.51).  ணࠬ⮢,  -
  筮 㤥     䠩  c01.txt  -
c16.txt,   ਢ ᭮ ᮡ ࠡ 
ॠ樨  ᠭ ࠡ  ணࠬ, 室  
㦥.  ⠫  ᮢ㥬   砫  
⨬ 䠩.  

	       ࢮ ணࠬ  
	      

	  । ⥬   筥    ணࠬ,  ᭨,
    襬 ࠡ祬 ᪥. ० ᥣ 㦭 ᤥ-
  㯫  ᪠,  ⥬ (  ⤥  )
᪮஢ 䠩 cc.com, cc2.com, clink.com, c.ccc,  deff.crl,
deff2.crl, bdscio.h  types.h.     祣  㦥
  . ,      ⥪⮢  -
. , ᫨  㤥 wm.com  (,	  ।-
,  㤥  ,   ᯮ   -
):  筮 ࠭  । 짮⥫ Ori-
onsoft.  ।   ᫥ ணࠬ.
	   ᪮쪮 ᫮  ⥬.   ਭ樯,  -
   ࠡ    ⥬,    ᪨,  
ਮ,  ᯮ  ⥬, ࠡ饩  ࢮ  ࠭
. 뫮  㯮 ᯮ짮 㨥,  ⠪    ⮫쪮  
⥬ ।⠢ ⮫쪮  ᢮  .  ஬  ⮣,
設⢮    ⥪  ࠡ  ᪫⥫쭮  
ࢮ ࠭ .   ᯮ짮 樮
⥬ Orionsoft-DOS ᨨ 3.60  .
	   蠥  ࠩ  /ᯫ
 ୠ⨢ ஢ (ਬ, drv.com),  	  
易⥫쭮.   ⮬,   । ⥪⮢  ।
  몠  ᯮ  ⨭᪨ 㪢,  -
  ஢ -7 ( ࠩ ⠭  ⮫-
  㧨 ⥬)   ய ᪨,  
᪮쪮 ⭮. ஬ ⮣  ⥪ᮤঠ騥 䠩  -
 ⠪ ᠭ  ୠ⨢ ஢ (⮣  -
 ਤন   쭥襬), ⮬, ⮡  
ࠧ㬥   ᠬ  砫  ਬ    ᯮ짮
ୠ⨢ ஢.
	  ।     ४஢
  ࠡ   ⮩  ஢  (࠭
 ⢥࣠ ᪨ ᨬ   ). 
ࠧ  ᬮ ࠡ   ⮬    Orion-Power,
 ᭮ ஢  ୠ⨢.  ᥩ  
 ⮫   , -, 筥 ணࠬ஢ 
.
	  ᭮ ࠤ樨,  襩  ࢮ  ணࠬ  
 ணࠬ "Hello, world". ⠪,  ⠢	ᮧ  
(ࠡ稩)   饫 ᪮ ... 筥.   ஬	⥬
:  

	  A>wm hello.c 

	   ⮩ ப  뢠 ⥪⮢ । wm.com.
᫨  諮 ଠ쭮, ࠭      	孥
㣫 㤥  .          室
⥪ 襩 ࢮ ணࠬ.  ᫥饥: 

	  void Main()
	  {
		  PrintF("Hello, world\n");
	  } 

	  ᫥  ⮩ ணࠬ, । ⥬,   
   ࠭   ᪥	  "2",    ⥬
"e". ணࠬ      멤  ⥬. 

			 
			  

	  ࠭ ணࠬ,   ।  ᪮  믮-
   : ⪮஢   ᪮.
	   樨 : 

	  A>cc hello 

	  ᫥ ᪠ ,  㢨 , 宦  
᫥饥:  

	  BD Software C Compiler v1.51a (part I)
	    32K elbowroom
	  DB Software C Compiler v1.50 (part II)
	    28K to spare 

	  ᫨  ⨫ - ⪫, 㧨  ⥪-
⮢ ।  襩 ணࠬ  ஢  ࠢ쭮.
 ⥬  ஢  砫.  

			  
			   

	    : 

	  A>clink hello 

	    ⢥  : 

	  BD Software C Linker v1.50
	  Linkage complete
	    39K left over 

	  ᫨    룫廊 ᪮쪮 ,   ⮨
஢ 室 ⥪ 襩 ணࠬ,  ࠢ  訡  
 ஢  .	

			  믮
			   

	  ᫥ ᯥ譮  (ᡮન ணࠬ)   ⮢
  ணࠬ.  ⮣  室     
   "" (. 맢          㣮
-䠩):

	  A>hello 

	  ᫥ 㧪 ணࠬ 뤠 

	  Hello, world 

	   ୥  ⥬. ਬ  ࠢ -  
ᮧ  ணࠬ  !  

		        ந諮?
		      	

	   ਣ襭 ⥬  

	  A>dir hello.* 

	     䠩,  룫  ਡ-
⥫쭮 ᫥騬 ࠧ:  

	  A: HELLO .C : HELLO .CRL : HELLO .COM 

	   䠩 - hello.c ᮤন ⥪ 襩 ணࠬ,
 ᮧ    ⥪⮢ ।      -
  ᮤন, ࠢ:  

	  A>type hello.c 

	  ன 䠩 - hello.crl  ᮤন    設
, ᣥ஢ ஬ . ᫨	  ⠥
 ᬮ   "type",      -
.
	  ᫥ 䠩 - hello.com     -
塞 ணࠬ, ᮧ 騪 (ᡮ騪,  -
騪) .   ⮫쪮 ᮤন  䠩  hello.crl,  
⠪ 砥  室 ணࠬ  প	(-
, PrintF),   騪      筮
䠩.	

			 䨪
			  

	  㧨 ⥪⮢ ।  襩 ணࠬ: 

	  A>wm hello.c 

	   ᭮ 㢨 । ᮡ ⥪ ணࠬ   -
     ᢮	ᬮ७.  ।-
㥬 ணࠬ ⠪, ⮡    ⥩訩 .  

	  void Main()
	  {
		  char Name[30];
		  PrintF("  ? ");
		  ScanF("%s",Name);
		  PrintF("ਢ, %s\n",Name);
	  } 

	     ப    ணࠬ.  ࢠ  ப
(char Name[30];)  ६     Name,	
 ᮤঠ ப     29  ᨬ  (  
㪢, ,  ९  ..). ,  
ப 뢠 㭪 PrintF    ᮮ饭  "  
?".   ப 뢠 㭪  ScanF  
⮣, ⮡ ᢮ ६ Name  .
	     襩 ணࠬ   name.c  (
 㦥   祣 饣  "Hello, world"):  

	A>ren name.c=hello.c  

	࠭ ஢ ணࠬ  ᪥,  뫮
ᠭ , ⥬ ⪮  ᪮.
	,  ६ 믮  ணࠬ	ந室  
:  ࠭ ⠥ "  "     
  .  ᢮      "<>".  ᫥
⮣ ணࠬ  "ਢ, < >". ⨬,   
뢥 ⮫쪮 ࢮ ,  .   㧭 -
祬.  

		        ணࠬ
		        

	  ணࠬ  ᮧ   ᭮-
 . 㧨 ।      ணࠬ  ᫥騬
ࠧ:  

	void Main()
	{
		int A,B,Sum; 
		PrintF("  ᫠: ");
		ScanF("%d %d",&A,&B);
		Sum = A + B;
		PrintF("㬬 = %d\n",Sum);
	}  

	 ᤥ    室 ணࠬ:  

	  ப, । Name, ப, ।-
	   㣨 ६ (A, B, Sum -  楫).  

	  ᮮ饭   PrintF  

	  ப ଠ  ᯨ᮪ ६  -
	   ScanF  

	   ᢠ Sum = A + B;  

	  ப ଠ  ᯨ᮪ 㬥⮢  -
	   㭪樨 PrintF  

	 ᨬ 業 ("%"), ᠭ ("&")  -
  窨 ("\" - ᫥)   .  ᪮  -
᭨  .
	२ ணࠬ  sum.c.  ࠡ⠩   -
祭 "com"-䠩.  

		      믮 sum.c
		       

	᫨ 訡   ணࠬ  믮. -
 ᪠  ᮮ饭:	

	  ᫠:  

	ணࠬ ⥯       楫  祭,
ࠧ ஡ (,  ஡).    
  ᫥  ண ᫠.
	ணࠬ ⠥ 㬬   祭   멤
 ⥬.
	⠪,  ᠫ  ᮢ襭 ࠧ ணࠬ 
, ᯮ騥 ᪮쪮 ᭮ ⮢ ணࠬ஢.
   ?  㧭  , ⠢ ᫥騩  ࠧ-
.  

	   ᭮ ⮢ ணࠬ஢
	   

	  設⢠  ணࠬ  	襭  .
ணࠬ 蠥 , 㫨 ଠ樥.   -
:  

	  ଠ ()  ணࠬ  

	 뤥   ࠭ ଠ樨  

	  樨 ()  ࠡ⪥ ଠ樨

	 뢮 ଠ ⭮  ணࠬ  

	  ࣠  樨 ⠪, :

	     믮 ⮫쪮 ⮣,
	   ᯥ樠쭮 ᫮ (  ᫮) ⨭

	 㣨   ᪮쪮 ࠧ  

	  ࠧ  㯯,   믮
	   ࠧ  襩 ணࠬ.

	   ᠫ ᥬ ᭮	⮢  ணࠬ-
: , ⨯ , 樨, 뢮, ᫮  믮,
横  ணࠬ.  ᯨ᮪  .       -
뢠  騥 ,  筮  ணࠬ.
	設⢮ 몮 ணࠬ஢  ᮤঠ    
. ,  ,  ⠪  ⥫  -
. , ᫨      ,  
 ।,    ॠ  ᥬ ⮢, 
⥬  . ਢ ୮ ᠭ  -
:	

	 뢮 砥  ଠ樨  ࠭,  
	     /뢮.  

	 ⨯  -  ⠭, ६  ,
	   ᮤঠ ᫠, ⥪ (ᨬ  ப) 
	   (६  ).  

	樨 ᢠ  祭 㣮, 
祭 (᪫뢠,   ..),  ࠢ  (ࠢ, 
ࠢ  ..).
	 砥 ⥭ 祭  ,  ᪠ 
  /뢮.
	᫮ 믮 ⭮  믮    -
, ᫨  ᫮ ⨭ ( ய  ,  ᫨  
).
	 믮  権  ஥  ⢮
ࠧ   ⨭ ஥ ᫮.
	ணࠬ  ⤥쭮 묨  ࠬ
権,    믮       ண-
ࠬ   뫪  .
	 ᬮਬ,  ᯮ짮    .  

			     뢮
			      

	  ࠭,      稭  ࠧ
  뢮,  ணࠬ  祣  뢮 -
 .  뢮, 筮 , ଠ 뢠
 ࠭ (㪢, ᫮, ⨭), 饥 ன⢮ (-
 , )    /뢮  (᫥⥫
,  ਭ  ). 

			 㭪 PrintF
			  

	 㦥 ᯮ짮    㯮ॡ⥫	㭪
뢮   - ணࠬ PrintF.  	楫    
ଠ樨  ࠭. ଠ   , ⠪  :	

	PrintF( <ப ଠ> , <> , <> , ... );

			  ப ଠ
			   

	ப ଠ -  ப,  稭    -
稢 묨 窠 (" ").  PrintF  -  -
 ⮩ ப  ࠭. । 뢮  PrintF    
⥫쭮 ᫥   ப  ᮮ⢥⢨  
ᯥ䨪ﬨ ଠ, 㪠묨  ᠬ ப. ਬ,  
᫥ ணࠬ  ᫥騩  PrintF:  

	PrintF("㬬 = %d\n",Sum);  

	 "%d"  ப ଠ -   ᯥ䨪  -
.  ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ 稭    ᨬ  業
("%")  (筮) ᮯ஢  㪢, 饩  ⨯
  ᯮᮡ  ८ࠧ.
	       ⮫쪮  ,  -
⢥  ᯥ䨪 ଠ. ᫨     ⨯
,  ᮮ⢥騩 ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ,  	-
 믮 㦭 ८ࠧ.
	    ६묨,  ⠭⠬,  -
ࠦﬨ, 맮 㭪権.  ,     祬
㣮,   ᮮ⢥饥 祭  ᯥ䨪樨  ଠ-
.
	 "%d", ᯮ㥬   ᯥ䨪樨,    
⮬,   ஥ 楫 ᫮.  ᪮쪮  㣨
饨ᯮ㥬 ᯥ䨪権 ଠ:	

	%u - 楫 ᫮  
	%p - 祭 㪠⥫
	%c - ᨬ
	%s - ப
	%x - ᫮  ⭠筮 ଠ
	%d - 楫 ᫮    

	   ਭ ,      "%"  
㪢. ਬ, 筮  ਭ 4 ᨬ  
 "%4d". 祭 㤥 ⠭, ᤢ ࠢ (।
஡) ⠪,   ਭ  ࠢ 4.
	᫨ 㦭  ᨬ "%",  ⠢ "%%". -
쭮 ⠭ "\n"  ப   ᯥ䨪樥  -
,  㯮ॡ ( ᪨ ⨢)  ࠢ
(Escape) ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ, ⠢塞   ப.  
⮬ 砥 "\n" ⠢ ᨬ  砫    ப,  -
⮬ ᫥ 뢮 ப  ।    砫  
ப.
	 ᯨ᮪  㯮ॡ⥫ ᯥ樠  ᨬ-
:  

	\n - ॢ ப   ⪨
	\t - ⠡
	\b - 
	\\ -  ᫥ ( ⭠  )	

		   㣨 㭪樨 뢮
		    

	  㣨 㭪樨 뢮,      
ᮢ: PutS  PutChar. 㭪 PutS 뢮 ப  
࠭. ਬ, hello.c  ९ ᫥騬 ࠧ:  

	void Main()
	{
		PutS("Hello, world\n");
	}  

	 㭪  PutChar  뢠  ⢥  ᨬ  
࠭.   

	PutChar(C);  

	⥭  

	PrintF("%c",C);  

	祬   㦭  ᯮ짮  PutChar	  PutS  
PrintF?     ,  ணࠬ, 뢠
PrintF ࠧ .  ᫮, ᫨      
PrintF, ਬ,   ⮣  뢮  ப  -  ᯮ
PutS. ஬ ⮣ PrintF ࠧ ⥫쭥 ᢮ ᮡ쥢 
뢮.  

			   
			 	

	 ᠭ ணࠬ,  ࠡ⠥    
ଠ樨, 設⢮ ன       ᭮-
 ⨯: 楫 ᫠, ⥪  㪠⥫.
	 -  ᫠,   ᯮ      (
ਬ, 1, 2, 5, 0, -1, 10000, -568).
	 ⮨  ᨬ (ਬ, "%", "A", "z", "",
"", "!")  ப (" ᠬ 筠 ப").
	⥫  ࠭ ଠ,    㪠뢠  
 (.. ࠭  ,  室 ଠ).
	। ⥬,  ᯮ짮 ६, 室  -
    ⢮ -    ⨯. ⠪  -
 ६ ᫥騩: 

	<⨯ ६> <>;  

	 ६   㦥  ᬮ५,      -
᭨   ⨯   ?  ⮣   ᯥ-
樠 祢 ᫮.  ⠡ ⠭    -
祢 ᫮  㧠묨 ⨯ :  

		   ᠭ

	int	   楫   (16 )  -32768  32767
	unsigned   楫   (16 )  0  65535
	char	   楫 (8 )  0  255
	void	   ⮩ ⨯

	ਬ,  ࠭ 楫 ⥫ ᥫ   -
६ Dist 室  ᭠砫      ᫥騬
ࠧ: 

	unsigned Dist;	

	᫥ ⮣  ᢮  ஥ 祭. -
 , ਬ, ⠪:  

	Dist = 560;  

		    । ப
		     

	  ন ⤥ ப ⨯  ,  
   ।ᬠਢ , ᫥ ⫨,  室  
। ப.   ⮨    ᯮ짮  ᨬ쭮
ᨢ, 㣮 砥  ᯮ짮 㪠⥫    ᨬ-
.  

	     ᯮ짮 ᨬ쭮 ᨢ
	      

	 ਬ ਢ ணࠬ hello.c  ᫥饬 -
: 

	void Main()
	{
		char Msg[30]; 
		StrCpy(Msg,"Hello, world");
		PutS(Msg);
	}  

	 "[30]" ᫥ Msg ।뢠    -
   29 ᨬ ப. .. 	ᨢ    29
६ ⨯ char (30-  㤥 ᮤঠ  0  -	㫥
⥫ ப,  㪠뢠  ,  ப  祭).
६ Msg   ᮤন  ᨬ쭮  祭,    ࠭
 (ண   ) ࢮ   30 ६
⨯ char.   砫 ப      ।	㭪樨
PutS.
	㭪 StrCpy  	ப,  	ன
㪠  ⢥ ண 㬥  ,   ண  -
祭 ࢮ 㬥.
	 ⬥,   ப -  ᫥ -
祭, ࠢ  砫 ⮩ ப  .  

	     ᯮ짮 㪠⥫  ᨬ
	    	

	ன ⮤,   ᯮ짮   ।-
 ப, -  ⮤  㪠⥫  ᨬ. 	hello.c
 ࠧ:  

	void Main()
	{
		char *Msg; 
		Msg="Hello, world\n";
		PutS(Msg);
	}  

	窠 ("*"), । Msg 㪠뢠   ,
 Msg -  㪠⥫   ⨯ char (.. 㪠⥫  
ᨬ). 㣨 ᫮ Msg    ࠭    ண
ᨬ.   ⮬   뤥   -
࠭⢠  ࠧ饭 ᨬ   樠 Msg
-  祭.
	  室 ப  

	Msg="Hello, world";  

	 १ࢨ   ,  ࠭ 㪠
ப (  ࠧ   ⮩ ப).  
⮩   	易⥫쭮  	㫥  ᨬ
(ᨬ   0). ᫥ ⮣   ᢠ  㪠⥫  Msg
 砫 ࠧ饭   ⮩ ப.
	砥,  㭪 PutS  ⠥ ᨬ 
 ,    㫥 ᨬ.  

		       䨪
		      	

	      ६,	    
⮬,     ࠭祭.  ⥯	㤨
 .
	,    ⠭⠬, ६	  -
 뢠 䨪ࠬ. ஥  䨪஢
 ᯮ짮 ࠭ - :  

	char, int, void       ⨯ 
	Main		       㭪 ணࠬ
	Name, A, B, Sum, Msg  ६
	ScanF, PrintF	       㭪樨

	   । ࠢ  䨪:

	  䨪  稭  㪢  
	  ᨬ ન  

	 ⠫쭠  䨪   
	  㪢, ᨬ ન  .  㣨
	  ᨬ  ࠧ襭.  

	   䨪 (஬  㭪権) 㪢
	  孥   ॣ஢ ࠧ.  

	 稬묨  ⮫쪮  8 ᨬ	

			   樨
			    

	⠪,  稫    ணࠬ.   
 ᮡࠥ   ? ⭮, -   	-
஢, ᯮ ⨬ 樨.     ⨬  ᮬ
   浪 - ,   	㣮	,  
訬 ⢮ 権.  

		     ᢠ
		   

	 饩 樥  ᢠ.  ਬ,
Ratio = A / B, C = GetChar()  Msg="It's string".    -
 砥   ࠢ⢠  ("="),    ⮬
祭 ࠢ     ࠢ⢠  ᢠ  ६
᫥  .
	 ਬ  ⠪	᫥⥫  ᢠ.
ਬ: Sum = A = B.  ⠪  ᢠ ந
ࠢ , .. A 㤥 ᢮ 祭 B,  Sum -  -
祭 A (஥  ᢮ । 㦥 ࠢ B). ..   
  祭 - 祭, ࠢ B. 

	       㬥 樨
	      

	 ন   䬥᪨  権:
㬭 ("*"),  ("/"), ⨥ ⪠ ("%"),  ᫮
("+"), ⠭ ("-").    ন 㭠 樨:
  ("A + (+B)")    ("A + (-B)").

	      樨 饭  㬥襭
	       

	    ᯥ樠 	  -
 樨.  묨       樨
饭  ("++")    㬥襭  ("--").      
ᯮ짮 ⢥ ,   1  -
⠥ 1   祭, 祬 			ᤥ
饭, ਬ,  ᢠ  ᫥ .
	ਬ, ப  

	Sum = A + B++;	

	᫮ A  B   १  Sum,   ⥬  㢥-
 B  1.   ப

	Sum = A + ++B;	

	᭠砫 믮 㢥祭 B,  㦥  ⮬  ந
᫮  ᢮.	

		     ⮢ 樨
		      

	 ஢  ஢    ᫥騥  -
樨: ᤢ  ("<<"), ᤢ ࠢ (">>"), ࠧ來 ""
("&"), ࠧ來 "" ("|"), ࠧ來  ᪫饥  ""
("^").	

		  ஢ 樨
		   

	  ᯮ짮  ᮪饭   -
ᠭ ࠦ, ᮤঠ ᫥ 樨,  ᠭ
.  ࠦ ⨯  

	<६> = <६> <> <ࠦ>;  

	  ᮪饭   

	<६> <> = <ࠦ>;	

	.., ਬ,  

	Sum = Sum + (A-B);  

	   	

	Sum += A-B;  

		      樨
		      

	 ন  ᯥ樠  樨: -
 ।  ("&")   饭    
("*").
	 "&" 頥    ६.  ,
᫨ Sum  ६ ⨯ int,  &Sum -   -
 ⮩ ६   (㪠뢠    ).
 㣮 ஭, ᫨ Msg  㪠⥫	  ᨬ,  
*Msg -  ᠬ ᨬ.  
 (㪠뢠    ).
 㣮